Wielding the Sword of Truth

There is that famous saying that â€Å"pen is mightier than sword†. A common interpretation to this statement goes like this: a pen is a better weapon, may it be for offense or defense, than any weapon for destruction. But another interpretation is also apt for the statement: the pen of the writer, and the output it produces, shall be able to withstand any blow from any weapon, however destructive, that tries to destroy or repress the ideas it tries to share to the world.Throughout the world, through countries’ experiences of political turmoil and all the civil repression that comes along with most of it, time only seems to lend more and more credibility to this statement. â€Å"Didn’t you know that manuscripts don’t burn? † (Bulgakov, 1967), this is a much-quoted line from Mikhail Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita. It was spoken by Satan (in the person of a foreign professor/magician named Woland) to The Master, a writer who burned his com pleted novel in an effort to keep the Soviet authorities from reading it.Being one of Bulgakov’s main theme in the novel, it highlights the important role of writers: observing and writing about the social situation, amidst all the threat of a repressive and controlling government, with the object of sharing to others what the writer has seen and not just putting it away, never to be read, out of fear of arrest or torture—to shed the light of freedom in the darkness of an unfree world. This theme was said to be based on Bulgakov’s personal experience of burning the early version of The Master and Margarita in fear of punishment from Soviet authorities.Thus it can be said that The Master has some autobiographical element from the author itself. The period when the novel was set corresponds to the time that Bulgakov wrote it: 1930’s, with the communist Bolsheviks reigning over all of Soviet Russia, and Stalin as the head of the said ruling party and of the country. This period was characterized by severe government control, not just on the economy, but on almost every move of the citizen of its country.And while in this time Russia is deemed to deliver good results, as it is considered as one of the superpowers of the world, internally, the system is mired with conflict and threat-and-control-subjected citizens. Those people who challenge the status quo and the government’s way of running the country are immediately taken into custody and sent to psikhushka where they are to be imprisoned as to stop them from â€Å"polluting† other people’s minds. Thus, to avoid imprisonment and torture, several writers, Bulgakov included, chose to destroy their deviant literary works.However, in writing the second draft of the novel, and with it having the abovementioned theme, it seems that Bulgakov has realized the futility and repugnancy of destroying one’s own work in favor of a trouble-free existence. This is reflecte d in the much-quoted line and in Woland’s returning of The Master’s burned novel. The scene and the theme corresponding to it signify the author’s revised stand that a person whose eyes had been opened and exposed to the truth has then the responsibility of spreading this truth to the society, no matter how much that person is to be oppressed.That person has to have the courage to bump through the walls that the oppressors build before them because he/she has been entrusted with a great responsibility. It is cowardly for that person to deny the world of his/her knowledge since with it; the person denies the world the chance to know what they ought to know. At the same time it is cowardly, destroying one’s own truth-revealing work is also futile since even though the output has been destroyed, thus removing any implicating physical evidence of deviance, the idea is still on the person’s, and perhaps of other people’s minds.Bulkagov, upon maki ng the statement about the futility of manuscript burning, sends a hopeful and encouraging message, most especially to writers to shed their fears and rally for truth even amidst the threat of retribution from the authorities who seek to repress the truth by repressing the writers’ and the people’s ideas. Knowing the truth, it is said, is a privilege of everybody. Therefore, those who have initially been exposed to it have to extend this privilege to others—the truth becomes their responsibility.And since this world of ours there are people who try to deny this privilege to persons other than themselves—those autocrats who usually believe that common people deserve to know only what they choose to divulge, however small a peek to the whole picture it is—the truth-knowing person, in this case, the writer needs to whip out his pen and use it as the weapon that shall thwart the repression of truth. True, the pen is mightier than the sword. But the pen is only as strong as the courage and nerve of the writer that wields it.By the bye, a pen is only a pen; a written paper is still only a paper; easily destroyed by fire or any other means, but the idea and observation of a writer, or any person for that matter, remains his/hers alone—irrepressible, and once acknowledged, indestructible by any controlling authority. Unless the writer sharpens his/her pen with courage for the revelation of truth, however sad to say, in that case, the pen shall forever lose to the swing, no, even from the mere presence of the sword of repression.

Walking Contradiction

Now I know how parents may feel when their teenage kids are playing there depressing and gothic music at full blast at the middle of the night. It's clear that most people's opinions are that the lyrics featured in these gothic or metal bands are usually to do with some sort of bad language, death and violence. A feature most predominantly in many of Marilyn Manson's songs. A quote reveals how people judge him for every circumstance â€Å"when a dude's getting bullied and shoots up the school and they blame it on Marilyn, and the heroin† This reveals people's attitude towards this individual. In any case people have their preferences and mine include Beegees. Now don't get me wrong, I'm not a golden oldie, but the best music had to have been made in the 70's or 80's. Perfectly good examples of these would have been Abba and Gloria Gaynor. Now neither of these people needed to promote sex, drugs and rock and roll to sell records, which is what seems to be happening today. Artists seem to swear more and more to sell more and more, now tell me is this right? Any ways don't get me wrong not every artist is like that†¦ There are a handful of bands, which don't need negative aspects to sell their music. One band in particular is Kool and the gang, now if I may claim to liking the classic band does that necessarily mean that I must write off every modern day music as some of you people do. All of you people seem to be determined to write off any artists that bear the name Eminem or Marilyn Manson, or any artists that swear or have some sort of opinion not matching yours. The truth about the matter is that you use these individuals as scapegoats, so that you have something to blame when your child has done something wrong or you have something to blame for the way your child behaves. The fact of the matter is that music is a way of expression, and that no matter how or why people complain about aspects of it the reality is that you are powerless to stop any kind of music from coming out. But most importantly you are powerless to stop your children from listening to it. At the end people can listen to whatever type of music, from anything from Bob Marley's â€Å"No woman No cry† to a more modern day song such as Rage Against The Machine's â€Å"Bullet in the head†. I personally have gotten into Metallica recently, just like how a vampire needs his blood, I admittedly need to listen to the enlightening and somewhat depressing lyrics, as well as the bone crunching and indoctrinating guitar riffs daily. Without these I am happy to say that I would be a lifeless, dull and uncaring individual (One which requires someone to master him as a puppet). But with all this said hate and love have been with us from the beginning of time, and they will continue to be with us until the end. I only ask that people take in the fact that drugs and violence have always been in lyrics and will forever remain so, the key thing is to learn to deal with it! Show preview only

Benefits Of Developing Conservation Strategies Environmental Sciences Essay

Benefits Of Developing Conservation Strategies Environmental Sciences Essay Increases in the human population and degradation of habitats have caused many species that were formerly common to decline to near extinction. As a result, we have become increasingly involved in attempting to preserve populations of rare or endangered species (Deborah T., 1987). Over the last two decades almost all arguments about nature conservation have involved the issue of biological diversity and ways to preserve it. These discussions culminated in the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity and its implementation (Glowka L, 1994). The conservation of biodiversity is a vast undertaking, requiring the mobilization of existing data, huge amounts of new information, and the monitoring and management of wildlife on an unprecedented scale (Malcolm L. Hunter, 2007). The biologists are fairly skilled at looking at the big picture, at seeing forests not just trees. They understand that we cannot maintain genetic diversity without maintaining species diversity and that we cannot maint ain species without maintaining without ecosystem diversity (Malcolm L. Hunter, 2007). In addition, the size of a habitat and the number of species it can support are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area (Drakare S, 2006).Therefore, endangered species conservation requires many lines of inquiry to provide the evidence required for a holistic approach to conservation planning (Sutaria D 2009). Conservation biology is reforming around strategic plans that include principles, guidelines, and tools for the purpose of protecting biodiversity (M. E. Soule, 1986). Conservation biology is crisis-oriented and multi-disciplinary, including ecology, social organization, education, and other disciplines outside of biology (F. van Dyke, 2008). Preserving biodiversity is a global priority in strategic conservation plans that are designed to engage public policy and concerns aff ecting local, regional and global scales of communities, ecosystems, and cultures (Gascon C., 2007). Action plans identify ways of sustaining human well-being, employing natural capital, market capital, and ecosystem services (G. W. Luck, 2003). A strategy, simply defined, is a set of actions that a conservation project implements to reduce threats, capitalize on important opportunities. Examples of strategies include building the capacity of local law enforcement, educating schoolchildren about wildlife, and developing alternative livelihood options such as ecotourism. One could say that the conservation of endangered species to be effective, both biological and social elements of the conservation process must be considered as a basic for minimizing threats (Beasley L. 2007). This essay will discusses about evaluating the conservation costs and benefits of developing conservation strategies focusing on species, then habitats and finally on the resources. Biological species – tigers, butterflies, trees, frogs, whales, and so on are integral to nature; they are the players on the stage; species and their interrelationships, including the relationship to people. Many of the closest relationships human beings have established with nature are based on species (IUCN, 2008). There are several strategies that are beneficial for species and human. One of several strategies is the Opportunities for Debt Investment in Environmental Conservation. By combining microfinance lending approaches with performance-based payments for conservation of environmental assets, long-term incentives for environmental conservation and sustainable economic development can be coupled. For example, migratory species like loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles suffer from a suite of human impacts, including harvest of eggs and adults on nesting beaches across many Pacific island nations and mortality from industrial fishing on the high seas. These species are at a critical point, it h as been estimated that loggerhead turtles may be extinct in 50 years. Some governments have taken steps to minimize impacts on marine turtles by limiting coastal development and regulating fisheries, at some cost to the public and private sectors. Investment in endangered species recovery in low-income countries can deliver local benefits, such as increased opportunities for sustainable harvest, nature-based tourism or other non-turtle related economic activities, as well as monetary and non-monetary dividends back to governments’ .There are a number of potential advantages with using debt investment as a tool for environmental conservation. The program is aimed directly at improving livelihoods and lending can be targeted at reducing unsustainable resource use, an environmental mortgage program could directly address the alleviation of poverty. In some instances local people are as motivated, or even more motivated than conservationists to protect the animals in their homela nd, especially when they represent a valuable resource for food or commerce. But for some communities, it comes down to protecting animals that are as much a part of a hostile environment as drought or fire (C. Josh Donlan). As with African villagers expected to protect an elephant herd that continually destroys their crops and leaves them hungry without a means of generating income. For example, when villagers living in or near a game reserve are told by authorities that they can’t hunt an animal because it is endangered even as they are struggling with hunger. Although, the African elephants are protected by CITES (Kimbra C, 2010).

Evaluation of the business strategy of a chosen company Assignment

Evaluation of the business strategy of a chosen company - Assignment Example In the second wave we can see concepts of standardization and mass production as center of attention of economist and scientist alike. These systems were basically focused on maximizing production and minimizing inputs. These concepts of mass production have their driving force in the massive increase in population over the last few centuries. With the massive increase in population the only route to success was to increase production and minimize cost. This was basically because technology in genetics was still not advanced, that meant you could not increase production from your raw materials and land many times over. The only control humans had at that moment was on machines, therefore they engaged in a massive mechanization of humans and production systems alike. This revolution was not only aimed towards manufacturing but services as well. This affected local shops and small businesses as they began to die out because they could not compete on price with machine inputs. This revo lution was psychological as well as economic people began to look alike, dress alike and think alike. In similar words individuality was slowly becoming obsolete and absent. Over time the second wave began to end as we reached the third wave practices of second wave were slowly abolished. The human society began to revert back to old practices and customs. One of the biggest signs of this reversion was birth control. Great emphasis was now being laid on keeping population in check. The concepts of standardization and mass production once again became obsolete. Emphasis was laid on individuality and personality once again. This information wave has triggered a ‘need’ in each human being to be different from others. Therefore in the present age the concept of small business catering to specific needs is once again in demand. These small businesses in management theory are usually termed SME (Small Medium Enterprise)

Segregation and US Civil Rights Movement in the last 60 YEARS Research Paper

Segregation and US Civil Rights Movement in the last 60 YEARS - Research Paper Example These are not simply racist behavior and social-cultural inequalities. In certain circumstances, racial discrimination is institutionalized. It is set down legally, is part of the techniques employed by judicial and penitential bodies, and can lead to serious violations of fundamental human rights, in the form of degrading or inhuman treatment. Despite clear attestation to the contrary, all races in America have been declared overtime to be equally hard-working and talented, and anyone who challenges the dogma is perceived to be not merely wrong but evil. The dogma has logical effects that are profoundly important (Clark, 2003, pg., 33). If blacks, for instance, are equal to whites in every way, what explanations can be given for their poverty, dissipation and criminality? Because any theory of racial segregation has been outlawed, the only possible explanation for black lack of success is white racism although this is debatable. And since blacks are crime-prone, dissipated and marke dly poor, United States must be racked with a pervasive and horrible segregation (Rothwell, 2011, pg., 77). Racism is not just a concern in United States but one of the world’s major issues currently. Many individuals are not aware of the gravity of racism still existing in our workforces, schools and anywhere else social lives are present. This essay may help understand these instances and areas that the government can act upon Many years after the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling it can be argued that, de facto racial segregation remains a force to reckon with. United States has been reluctant to fulfill its legal duties under the International Convention on the elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Convention). This lack of commitment has necessitated the various civil rights movements demand actions. The struggle for fair employment among United States citizens has been a major concern in my view. Despite the convention report criticism of the United

Okapi Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Okapi - Term Paper Example My skin is also oily to make the rain water drain off and keep me dry on a rainy season. I do resemble my relative the Giraffe except for the fact that I have a relatively shorter neck than the giraffe but it is long enough to enable me reach leaves that are high in trees and also helps me defend myself and also my territory and my head is also relatively lighter with a black muzzle supported by a thick neck. I have a very long (approximately 35 centimeters) flexible blue tongue that I use to stripe buds and leaves from trees. It is also long enough for me to wash my eyes and clean my ears inside out. I am a herbivore. The amazing thing about me is that I can eat a variety of plants that other animals and even human consider poisonous! Such as fungi and other plant materials. My main predator is the leopard. My ankles are white with dark spots on each of my hoofs and a thick skin that helps protect my legs from injury. Although I do travel by myself within my home range, I do have wa ys of communicating with the others whose ranges overlap mine; this is through a scent gland on either of my foot that leaves behind a sticky tar-like substance wherever I walk thus marking my territory. MY young ones are adapted in such a way that they defecate between four and eight weeks of age, this adaptation helps my young ones grow and gain strength before predators sniff them out. My sharp sense of smell helps me locate breeding partners. The minerals that my body needs I normally obtain them from eating the clay from along the river banks. My male counterpart has horns which are short and skin covered so that he won’t get tangled in the forest branches. I normally travel miles in search of food and I can consume 40 to 65 pounds of food. I do give birth to one calf and my gestation period can last up to a period of 16 months and am very protective of my young ones which are weaned at around 6months but may continue suckling for more than a year. My young ones have sho rt fringe hair along the spine at birth which disappears when it is one year old. The main threat to my existence is habitat loss due to deforestation. The leopard also threatens my existence because it positions itself from above the ground and hence able to survey the surrounding area for potential prey and also is able to ambush it from above, these threats makes me to be classified as an animal that is under that is threatened with extinction. The human hunters are also a threat since they hunt me for game meat and for my thick hide but the efforts that have been in place by the government of Zaire to seclude the area from hunting activities has done great in protecting me from human infringement. The other interesting thing about me is that I only vocalize when I am ready to breed and with my solitary lifestyle I don’t normally associate with other animals except with my calf that is when I have one. The fact that I inhabit a secluded section of the mountain forest means that I surprisingly have very few predators particularly in comparison other animals. Since I am a ruminant I do swallow food without chewing and then chew the curd afterwards. My shy and secluded nature is an adaptation since it helps me hide myself from the human hunters. The human efforts to have some of my family members captured and put in captivity is a measure aimed at ensuring that our population is protected from extinction and that our

Sydney Harbour Bridge Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sydney Harbour Bridge - Research Paper Example With the development of techniques and craftsmanship, these engineering feats began to become more and more sophisticated and complicated, over the years from its humble beginnings of tree barks used for connecting land masses, to more sophisticated suspension, cantilever and arch bridges. These pieces of construction not only add to the visual imagery of a geographical location, but also bear testimony to the imagination, craftsmanship and engineering accomplishment of mankind, as represented by the Sydney Harbour. Introduction: â€Å"Of all the inventions, the alphabet and the printing press alone excepted, those inventions which abridge distance have done the most for the civilization of our species† Thomas B. Macaulay, 2010: 290 Bridges have historically, played a key role in the development of human civilizations. This unique piece of construction and sheer engineering marvel has contributed to the development and flourishing of human civilizations, since time immemorial. It is on account of this very reason, that bridges have been featured prominently in the development of some of the most affluent cultures and cities around the globe - including the likes of London on the river Thames, Brooklyn bridge in the city of New York; the various artistic bridges on the Seine river in the city of Paris; Howrah bridge in Kolkata etc., among many others. Not only do they add a sense of artistic imagery and beauty to the city, but also help accelerate the mobility and access to various key locations in and around the area, thus enhancing the overall vitality of the cities they are built in, ultimately contributing to the social, economical as well as cultural development (John, 2000). This paper on the Sydney Harbour Bridge, aims to discuss the various factors critical to this unique and historical piece of construction, such as the history behind its construction, the various materials used, the materials used for its construction; the various equipments use d; the availability and use of labour force used during construction; the civilizations and culture that flourished in that era etc. It also includes a brief discussion and analysis on the type of structure it would have been, if it was built in present times. The history of the Sydney Harbour Bridge: The Sydney Harbour Bridge, is one of Australia's most prominent landmarks, was open to the public on 19th March, 1932. The bridge, which is also popularly known as the â€Å"Coathanger† by the locals, is the largest (although not the longest) bridge in the world. It is not only a great engineering feat but also revered as one of the greatest economic accomplishments of the century, especially considering the fact that it was built after the world war, during the years of the Great Depression. The bridge was built using extensive labour, which included as many as 1400 men, and took almost eight years to complete (from 1925 to 1932), with an investment of six million pounds (Lalor , 2006; Sharpe, 2001; Langmead and Garnaut, 2001). It was designed by a British firm Dorman Long and Co Ltd, under the directions of Dr. J. J. C. Bradfield along with other officers of the NSW Department of Public Works. The design of this bridge was inspired by the Hell Gate Bridge in New York (Sydney Harbour Bridge, 2012). Although the construction of the bridge began in the year 1925, the foundations for the same were laid decades ago, which is evident from the various historical events that took place, as is described in the following sections. Brief Background: Events that led to the construction of the Bridge Prior to the construction of the Sydney Har

Prejudice and Biases Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prejudice and Biases - Assignment Example He or she ought not to think about their particular ethnicity or maybe religious beliefs. In the scenario certainly where a leader will be prejudiced, he or she will certainly disregard the judgments or maybe tip associated with some others that could be equally vital. Some sort of leaders whos going to be prejudiced will develop an enormous space for those who are seeking both white-colored scruff of the neck and maybe azure scruff of the neck careers (Innis, 2008). It is also identified in that leaders that have a sturdy bias work with a great deal of demand handle management, because it isnt a real high quality of any leader. Instead, the leader needs to be clear of bias as a way to work with liability within their management (Whitley & Kite 2006). The best way to handle bias is usually to avoid the gross splendor of individuals, this is because it has been identified in that once a person is often discerning other people she or he will start to grasp bias; therefore it is in order to avoid splendor in order to avoid bias. The actual leaders can be careful of these terminologies in order to prevent the way it regards bias, this is because once they are making their language imperative she or he wont take into account different languages. An excellent leader shouldnt embrace or perhaps inspire biases inside their division of function. An example, in a situation in which a couple distinct employees in an organization are experiencing a quarrel, whenever they go to a biased boss he or she will not likely consider the fascination from the other party of different ethnic group. He or she will certainly will not able to solve the condition available (Whitley & Kite 2006). Sometimes some boss who are biased can look at themselves over others, any situation that can be excellent or even efficient they can decide to put for themselves. In order for leader to

Christianity in Nigeria as Portrayed in Things Fall Apart Essay

Christianity in Nigeria as Portrayed in Things Fall Apart - Essay Example Religion to a primitive man is a critical issue and is mostly practised in a primitive manner. They practise all throughout the year and it sin opt a one day event on the week as seen by the Europeans. To them all activities that occur in society have to be followed by religious ritual activities and this was being opposed by the Europeans who felt that a specific day had to be set on the week where everybody would worship God (Achebe 94). The complex rituals were regarded as being primitive by the European missionaries and they felt that through introduction of Christianity they would teach them how to worship only one God. This was considered to be a great crime by the Ibo whom according to their culture thought that the Europeans were trying to disrespect egwugwu who was a representative of the ancestral spirits for the people. One of the warriors in Ibo gets converted and even kills his ancestral spirit leaving the whole clan weeping since according to them a great evil had been done. Those who get converted into Christianity are excommunicated from the Ibo society while others escape death narrowly. Introduction of Christianity would take time since in the Ibo culture religion was granted many responsibilities in the society which Christianity had omitted. Culture was conflicting with the interests of the Christians. For instance, Nneka had given birth to four sets of twins all of which had been abandoned in the evil forest a cultural trait that the missionaries were against. There was strict attention being paid to taboos and rituals and this was not the case with the missionaries who continued to recruit more people into their church including the pregnant woman who was recruited in the 28th day when the villagers expected them to die after clearing the evil forest. Such issues were being rejected by Christianity making it a challenge for people to accept Christianity (Achebe 104). They feared punishment from their personal chi and an end to their genera tion. There exists a very narrow space between an individual and their identity with their ancestors. This is attributed to the fact that they consider their ancestors to be intermediaries between them and their gods. Mr. Kiaga for instance has been recruited to Christianity and is encouraged to recruit more Africans but is afraid that the father can learn of it. The land of the living existed among the individuals and this was a hurdle that the Europeans had to handle first before introduction of Christianity. They were expected to do away with such aspects and this alone created conflict long before they thought of introducing and converting people into Christianity. However all was not fruitless as they succeeded in converting a few Africans with whom they worked with though the society could not accept them as they were regarded as being evil and outcasts. This is because they were not respecting their personal god (chi) and the ancestral spirits (Achebe 105). The ancestral spir its were ordered to punish them. The conflicts began to be widespread with the Christians experiencing the challenge of obtaining land in order to build a church. The outcasts, low ranking men who had no title in the society were among the first individuals to be converted into Christianity.

Life and Work of a Famous Greek Thinker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life and Work of a Famous Greek Thinker - Essay Example Aristotle was appointed the tutor to Alexander in 343 B.C (Williams 44). For three years he remained tutor to Alexander until the Prince turned 16. Not much is known of the relationship between Aristotle and Alexander, yet Alexander’s terrific career stands to be an apt testimony to the practicality of Aristotle’s philosophy. Aristotle resided in Athens in 335 B.C. to 323 B.C. It was in these 12 years that Aristotle wrote most of his works. However, after the death of Alexander, Aristotle had to flee from Athens to avoid persecution at the hands of Athenian rebels (Williams 53). As per some credible records, Aristotle died in 322 B.C (Williams 16). It is said that Aristotle wrote three treatises on ethics. However, two of them are today attributed to his disciples and it is the third one that is Nicomachean Ethics that is known to be written by Aristotle (Broadie 4). The views pertaining to ethics professed by Aristotle in this treatise present a good insight into the m indset of the mature and educated men of his age. In this treatise Aristotle lays out the principles by which the well behaved citizens need to conduct themselves. Till the late 17th century, Aristotle’s treatise on ethics had a great influence on the politics and statecraft and continued to be source of inspiration for the future scholars and statesmen (Broadie 5). One other treatise by Aristotle called Politics is regarded to be the very source of varied principles that held a great sway till the culmination of the Middle Ages (Weber 396). This treatise is not only a source of apt information regarding the ways of government in non-Hellenic States, but stood to be a pivotal instrument of defense of democracy in the times of Aristotle (Weber 396). The assumptions embedded in Politics not only were strongly entrenched in the Athens under Pericles, but the Aristotelian concept of governance by cultured gentlemen had its reverberations in Renaissance Age, till it was modified b y French Revolution and industrialism (Weber 397). Though Aristotle’s genius greatly influenced many aspects of the Greek civic life and the statecraft in the following ages, it was in the sphere of Logic that it reached its zenith (Ackrill 79). Aristotle’s dominance in logic flourished right through the Middle Ages, till he was accorded a dominion in the area of metaphysics by the Christian philosophers in the 13th century (Ackrill 80). Though Aristotle strain of Logic is today quiet antiquated, still many Catholic theologians, scientists and mathematicians prefer to adhere to his system (Ackrill 84). Aristotle’s doctrine of syllogism is the most important contribution by Aristotle to the field of Logic (Ackrill 80). When considering the contribution of Aristotle to modern sciences, two of his other works that are Physics and On the Heavens do need to be mentioned (Judson 19). These works greatly influenced the world of science in the Greek times and their domi nation continued till the times of Galileo (Judson 19). Aristotle’s views regarding planets and stars though were immensely influenced by the Pagan beliefs of his times were actually well received and accepted by the medieval Christians. Aristotle’s philosophy had a significant impact on both the Islamic and Western philosophy (Ackrill 9). Aristotle not only studied and meticulously delved on almost every subject and discipline existing in his times, but in fact made a significant contribution to the existing

Learning and Skill Essay Example for Free

Learning and Skill Essay Tymon Muska Intro to Motor Learning Dr Rausch Jr. 11 / 14 / 08 The Skill of Juggling In terms of the type of skill, juggling is a continuous skill as opposed to a discrete or serial. Juggling is a continuous skill because it does not have a distinct beginning or end. Continuous skills involve practicing the movement nonstop and uninterrupted, unless a ball or scarf is dropped. The motor control loop partnered with juggling is the closed loop because feedback and the comparator are present. In terms of breaking down the scheduling for teaching and practicing this skill, one must understand there are several different components to practicing juggling. Similarly, the schedule would be blocked because one must practice a component for juggling and repeat this component until mastered. A blocked practicing schedule also allows the subject being taught to build a feel for the skill, begin to get more confident in performing the skill, and most likely with block scheduling the subject will be more successful in performing the skill, over and over again. I will be using a combination of part and whole practice. This is because teaching the skill in parts is easier for the learner to understand, but when it comes to showing the learner how to put all the movements together, that is where the whole practice comes into play. Using a combination of both types of practices gives the learner a chance to understand each movement, and at the same time get his or her rhythm down without constantly starting and stopping the motion when trying to put the skill together as a whole. Another portion on the practice side of juggling is called massed practice. This type of practice, which I will use, is the best type of practice for a beginner. â€Å"When applied to the length and distribution of practice sessions, a massed schedule will have fewer practice sessions than a distributed schedule, with each massed practice session requiring more and or longer practice† (Richard (2007). I’ll use this type of practice with my subjects because it allows the subject to get a good feel for the skill and build confidence. With those two things, the subject becomes more successful at the skill they are performing. When one thinks of juggling, they think of juggling with some type of ball. For a beginner, juggling with a ball can be very difficult. For one, they are heavier so they fall faster. Second, they are solid so they are harder to grab onto. In teaching the subjects I plan to use a simulated practice, â€Å" research investigations of the effectiveness of simulators have been more common for their use as training devices to help people learn how to drive cars, and pilots to fly planes, (Fisher, 2002), than for their use in sports contexts, (Stewart, Do home, Null Meyer, (2002)†. Scarves are perfect for a beginner to start off with because they are light and float in the air longer than a ball would. This gives the subject chance to get the right form and technique down. It will also increase their success rate in completing a juggling pattern, which in turn will lead them to build a higher level of confidence when juggling. Then, one must move to the next component involved in the skill of juggling. In other words, when beginning to learn how to juggle, one should begin without any scarves or balls. Mastering the hand movements and repeating the phrases ‘up, up, down, down’ or ‘throw, throw, catch, catch’ are important so that the student may now incorporate the scarves. The student should practice using one scarf and proceed to using two scarves. Also included in the schedule is the art of a practice. In this case, we would use part practice. In demonstrating the skill, I will first address the class explaining the use of the scarves and the different colors of the scarves and the sequence in which they will be used. I will demonstrate the toss and catch method with one colored scarf. Tossing the scarf up from the dominate hand and catching it with the non-dominant hand and then repeating the skill from non-dominant to dominant. The second step involves having two scarves, one in each hand. Starting with the dominant hand, the subject will toss with the dominant, toss with the non-dominant, catch with non-dominant and then catch with the dominant. The third step in learning how to juggle would involve the third color. Starting with the two original colors used for step one, in your dominant hand and step two in your non-dominant hand. Add the third color to your dominant hand; this scarf will be tossed last. In order to produce a perfect cycle of juggling the pattern goes like this, toss with the dominant, toss with the non-dominant, catch with the non- dominant, toss with the dominant and catch with the dominant hand. It is very important for the subject to keep the color and order of the scarves the same throughout each trial. By keeping the same colors in each hand, it will give the subject a base to go by. It will help them remember which scarf to through and grab and when and perform the skill in the correct order. Using the colored scarves is a form of simulated practice. Simulated practice is a great way to teach beginners a skill, but its major weakness is that it is not realistic in terms of juggling with real balls or heavier objects. For the practice consumption for juggling, we would be using the specificity of practice. The specificity of practice hypothesis has been around since the 1900’s. The theory explains why positive transfer occurs between two skills or skill learning situations, (Thorndike Woodworth 1901). Part practice consists of three different types and we would be using segmentation. Segmentation is a type of part practice in which one part of the target skill is practiced and mastered followed by the practice of a second part in which the first and second would then be put together until the entire skill is practiced. It is important to give the subject feedback on how they are doing result wise and not performance wise. The close loop system involves feedback, whereas an open loop system does not. In human movement, the feedback is afferent information sent by various sensory receptors to the control center. The purpose of this feedback is to update the control center about the correctness of the movement while it is in progress (Richard (2007). There are multiple kinds of feedback a subject’s teacher could give to them after watching a number of trials performed. In this case since my subject is a beginner, I will be using the Summary Feedback schedule which is when the subject has completed his or her trial or practice runs and the teacher gives them intervals of feedback. The specificity of this feedback schedule is called direction, which is strictly used for beginners because it is the easiest to understand and the least overwhelming. After explaining the basic three step method to the class, I will call on subject up and ask he or she to perform the skill and demonstrate for the rest of the class. For the next step, I will split the class up into groups. Each person in the group will have a chance to perform the skill, while being evaluated by their peers in their group. Each subject will perform the task of juggling the scarves ten times, and I will ask the people in the group to give the subject some kind of feedback whether negative or positive after every two trials. The subject juggling has a definite advantage considering he or she will be getting fifty percent feedback during their trial runs. In teaching the subjects how to juggle, my ultimate goal is for each subject to be able to complete a full cycle of juggling without a single error. Due to the time constraints in teaching this skill, the main focus will be on the subjects form in performing the skill and how well he or she interprets the information and que’s given to them to complete the task. Reference Page 1)- Magill, Richard (2007). Motor Learning and Control : concepts and applications,8, 86. New York, NY: The McGrawth-Hill Companies. 2)- Magill, Richard (2007). Motor Learning and Control : concepts and applications,8, 395 396. New York, NY: The McGrawth-Hill Companies. 3)- Thorndike, E. L. , Woodworth, R. S (1901). The influence of improvement in one mental function upon the efficentcy of other functions. Psychology Review, 8, 247 – 261. 4)- Fisher, D. L. , (2002). Use of a fixed based driving simulator to evaluate the effects of experience and PC-based risked awareness training on drivers decisions. Human Factors, 44, 416 5)- Stewart, J, E. , Dohme, J. A. , Nullmeryer, R. T. (2002). Motor Learning and Control : concepts and applications, 8, 416. New York, NY: The McGrawth-Hill Companies.

Paul Tillich Response to Modern Criticism Essay Example for Free

Paul Tillich Response to Modern Criticism Essay This course explores the themes of Paul Tillichs philosophical theology, with special attention to his analysis of meaning and its apparent loss in modern society. The course will also evaluate Tillichs response to the problem of meaninglessness and his effort to interpret the Christian message. WHAT IS EMPIRICISM? According to John Scott Gordon Marshall, empiricism, in philosophy, is â€Å"the attitude that beliefs are to be accepted and acted upon only if they first have been confirmed by actual experience†. This broad definition accords with the derivation of the name from the Greek word empeiria, meaning â€Å"experience. † Primarily, and in its psychological application, the term signifies the theory that the phenomena of consciousness are simply the product of sensuous experience, i. e. of sensations variously associated and arranged (Andrew M. Colman: 2003:242). It is thus distinguished from Nativism or Innatism. Secondarily, and in its logical (epistemological) usage, it designates the theory that all human knowledge is derived exclusively from experience, the latter term meaning, either explicitly or implicitly, external sense-percepts and internal representations and inferences exclusive of any superorganic (immaterial) intellectual factor. Empiricism is thus opposed to the claims of authority, intuition, imaginative conjecture, and abstract, theoretical, or systematic reasoning as sources of reliable belief. Its most fundamental antithesis is with the latter (i. e. with Rationalism, also called intellectualism or apriorism). Forms of Empiricism According to Catholic Encyclopedia empiricism appears in the history of philosophy in three principal forms: (1) Materialism, (2) Sensism, and (3) Positivism. a. Materialism: Materialism in its crudest shape was taught by the ancient atomists (Democritus, Leucippus, Epicurus, Lucretius), who, reducing the sum of all reality to atoms and motion, tau ght that experience, whereof they held knowledge to be constituted, is generated by images reflected from material objects through the sensory organs into the soul. The soul, a mere complexus of the finest atoms, perceives not the objects but their effluent images. With modern materialists (Helvetius, dHolbach, Diderot, Feuerbach, Moleschott, Buchner, Vogt, etc. ), knowledge is accounted for either by cerebral secretion or by motion. b. Sensism: All materialists are of course sensists. Though the converse is not the case, nevertheless, by denying any essential difference between sensations and ideas (intellectual states), sensism logically involves materialism. Sensism, which is found with Empedocles and Protagoras amongst the ancients, was given its first systematic form by Locke (d. 1704), though Bacon (d. 1626) and Hobbes (d. 1679) had prepared the data. Locke derives all simple ideas from external experience (sensations), all compound ideas (modes, substances, relations) from internal experience (reflection). Substance and cause are simply associations of subjective phenomena; universal ideas are mere mental figments. Locke admits the existence, though he denies the demonstrability, in man of an immaterial and immortal principle, the soul. Berkeley (d. 1753), accepting the teaching of Locke that ideas are only transfigured sensations, subjectivizes not only the sensible or secondary qualities of matter as his predecessor had done, but also the primary qualities which Locke held to be objective. Berkeley denies the objective basis of universal ideas and indeed of the whole material universe. The reality of things he places in their being perceived and this perceivedness is effected in the mind by God, not by the object or subject. He still retains the substance-reality of the human soul and of spirits generally, God included. Hume (d. 1776) agrees with his two empiricist predecessors in teaching that the mind knows only its own subjective organic impressions, whereof ideas are but the images. The supersensible is therefore unknowable; the principle of causality is resolved into a mere feeling of successiveness of phenomena; its necessity is reduced to a subjective feeling resulting from uniform association experienced in consciousness, and the spiritual essence or substantial being of the soul is dissipated into a series of conscious states. Lockes sensism was taken up by Condillac (d. 780), who eliminated entirely the subjective factor (Lockes reflection) and sought to explain all cognitional states by a mere mechanical, passive transformation of external sensations. The French sensist retained the spiritual soul, but his followers disposed of it as Hume had done with the Berkeleian soul relic. The Herbartians confound the image with the idea, nor does Wundt make a clear distinction between primitive con cepts (empirische Begriffe, representations of individual objects) and the image: Denken ist Phantasieren in Begriffen und Phantasierenist Denken in Bildern. c. Positivism: Positivists, following Comte (d. 857), do not deny the supersensible; they declare it unknowable; the one source of cognition, they claim, is sense-experience, experiment, and induction from phenomena. John Stuart Mill (d. 1870), following Hume, reduces all knowledge to series of conscious states linked by empirical associations and enlarged by inductive processes. The mind has no certitude of an external world, but only of a permanent possibility of sensations and antecedent and anticipated feelings. Spencer (d. 1903) makes all knowledge relative. The actual existence of things is their persistence in consciousness. Consciousness contains only subjective feelings. The relative supposes the absolute, but the latter is unknowable to us; it is the object of faith and religion (Agnosticism). All things, mind included, have resulted from a cosmical process of mechanical evolution wherein they are still involved; hence all concepts and principles are in a continuous flux. d. Classical Empiricism: Classical empiricism is characterised by a rejection of innate, in-born knowledge or concepts. John Locke, well known as an empiricist, wrote of the mind being a tabula rasa, a â€Å"blank slate†, when we enter the world. At birth we know nothing; it is only subsequently that the mind is furnished with information by experience. e. Radical Empiricism: This was advanced by William James, an American pragmatist philosopher and psychologist, based on the pragmatic theory of truth and the principle of pure experience, which contends that the relations between things are at least as real as the things themselves, that their function is real, and that no hidden substrata are necessary to account for the various clashes and coherences of the world. James summarized the theory as consisting of (1) a postulate: â€Å"The only things that shall be debatable among philosophers shall be things definable in terms drawn from experience†; (2) a factual statement: â€Å"The relations between things, conjunctive as well as disjunctive, are just as much matters of direct particular experience, neither more so nor less so, than the things themselves,† which serves to distinguish radical empiricism from the empiricism of the Scottish philosopher David Hume; and (3) a generalized conclusion: â€Å"The parts of experience hold together from next to next by relations that are themselves parts of experience. The directly apprehended universe needs, in short, no extraneous transempirical connective support, but possesses in its own right a concatenated or continuous structure. † The result of this theory of knowledge is a metaphysics that refutes the rationalist belief in a being that transcends experience, which gives unity to the world. According to James there is no logical connection between radical empiricism and pragmatism. One may reject radical empiricism and continue to be a pragmatist. Jamess studies in radical empiricism were published posthumously as Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912). According to him, it is only if it is possible to empirically test a claim that the claim has meaning. As all of our information comes from our senses, it is impossible for us to talk about that which we have not experienced. Statements that are not tied to our experiences are therefore meaningless. This principle, which was associated with a now unpopular position called logical positivism, renders religious and ethical claims literally nonsensical. No observations could confirm religious or ethical claims, therefore those claims are meaningless.

Definitions and Overviews of Intellectual Disabilities

Definitions and Overviews of Intellectual Disabilities Outcome 1: Define Intellectual Disability TASK 1 1.1 Give 2 definitions of intellectual disability in accordance with a recognized source. Follow prescribed APA format when citing sources. Definition 1: Intellectual disability causes limitations in intellectual functioning as well as in adaptive behaviors that include many skills which is needed every day. The onset age is under 18. Source: FAQ on Intellectual Disability, American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, retrieved from: http://aaidd.org/intellectual-disability/definition/faqs-on-intellectual-disability Definition 2: Intellectual disability is a term used for when people has certain limitations in functioning mentally and in skills such as communicating, performing activities of daily living, and in his or her social behavior. Children with this ability may develop their skills (walking, talking, etc) at a delayed time as compared to normal. They may also have trouble with learning- it usually takes them a longer time to learn new skills. Source: National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities.(2005) Intellectual disability, retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/pdf/parents_pdfs/IntellectualDisability.pdf 1.2 Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 explanations of how this impacts on the persons adaptive skills: People with intellectual disability experience impairment in their ability to comprehend information. As a result, they have a hard time with reading comprehension, handling money, dealing with numbers and time. Due to their impaired social functioning, they also find it hard to socially deal with others. They don’t recognize the laws of society and they have a limited ability to follow rules. Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 explanations of how this impacts on the cognitive abilities: Reasoning People with an intellectual disability cannot reason like normal people. They lack the ability to explain why they do certain things or why certain things happen. This is due to their impaired intelligence. Learn and apply what is learnt- Intellectually disabled people have a hard time to gain new knowledge. It is difficult for them to process new information and understand new skills. Outcome 2: Describe the causes of intellectual disability TASK 2 2.1 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur before birth and describe two (2) main characteristics of the effects. Example 1: Fragile X syndrome Source: National Fragile X Foundation. (1998-2014). Fragile X Syndrome, retrieved from: http://www.fragilex.org/fragile-x-associated-disorders/fragile-x-syndrome/ Main characteristics: Physical features of FXS patients include: large ears, long face, macroorchidism, infections in the ears, flat feet, high arched palate, fingers with double joints and hyper-flexible joints Behavioral characteristics for FXS patients may include the following: Attention Deficit Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism and Autistic behaviors, social anxiety, hand-biting and or flapping, poor eye contact, sensory disorders and high risks for aggression. Example 2: Prader-Willi Syndrome Source: Suzanne B. Cassidy, MD. (2012). Parder-Willi Syndrome, Genetics in medicine, 14, p10 Main characteristics: People who have Prader-Willi Syndrome have severe hypotonia. Therefore their sucking is poor in their early infancy. They are characterized by excessive eating and not able to control eating. 2.2 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during or immediately following birth and describe 2 main characteristics of the effects. Example 1: Trauma Source: Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp. (2010-2013). The Merck Manual, Home Health Handbook, retrieved from: http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/childrens_health_issues/problems_in_newborns/birth_injury.html Main Characteristics: Head and brain injury. Swelling of the scalp and bruising may occur due to birth trauma. Bleeding between the periosteum and skull causes a haematoma, usually in the parietal region and sometimes the occipital region. Nerve Injury. Sometimes, when forceps used to assist delivery puts much pressure on the facial nerve, weakness on one side of the face results. This injury becomes evident when the newborn baby cries and the face appears to be asymmetric. Example2: Cerebral Palsy Source: Karen W. Krigger, M.D., M.ED., University of Louisville school of Medicine, Cerebral Palsy: An Overview, Kentucky Am Fam Physician. 2006 Jan 1; 73(1): 91-100, retrieved from: http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0101/p91.html Main Characteristics: Cerebral palsy is characterized by motor function impairment. It causes activity limitation. People with cerebral palsy exhibit cognitive and sensory impairments. 2.3 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during childhood years and describe the impact on the day-to-day support needs of the person. Example 1: Brain Tumor Source: PMC: US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health. January 2008. â€Å"Caring for the Brain Tumor Patient: Family caregiver burden and unmet needs.†, retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2600839/ Impact: Patients with brain tumor need various supports in their day to day lives. Psychosocial support is one of them. It is important for them to learn how to handle the stress of a chronic illness, as family members realize that their lives will be forever changed by the uncertainty that surrounds this diagnosis. It is therefore important for the support provider to make sure the patient and family understands the impact of this illness to them and provide them of ways on how to cope and possibly live a close to normal life. Also, for the caregivers, it is important that they are always prepared for the possibility of disease progression. Even though a patient is stable for a certain period of time, the caregiver will always feel the wear and tear of caring for this patient. Thus, it is important to make sure that caregivers are also taken cared of to ensure quality care. Example 2: Meningitis Source: Kelli de la Rocha (2014). Intellectual disability. NYU Langone medical center. retrieved from: http://pediatrics.med.nyu.edu/conditions-we-treat/conditions/intellectual-disability# Impact: Children with intellectual disability caused by meningitis can’t learn skills and any knowledge as fast as other children with same age. So supporters need to wait for their achievement with patient. And also they need to be aware of the risk that the children experience seizure, and then they should be trained for coping with them suffering seizure. Outcome 3: Describe conditions frequently associated with intellectual disability. TASK 3 Condition 1: Cerebral Palsy Causes/s: Cerebral Palsy can be caused by having injury of brain before brain development is completed. Usually brain develops within 2 years after birth, so Cerebral Palsy can be occurred during prenatal or infant period. And birth complication can also cause this condition. But many cases get this condition from unknown causes before birth. Main characteristic 1: Cerebral Palsy is characterized by motor function impairment. It causes activity limitation. Main characteristic 2: People with Cerebral Palsy exhibit cognitive and sensory impairments. Physical support: People with Cerebral Palsy suffer from hypotonic and rigidity. So physical therapy is useful to support them physically. Effective physical therapy can help them to improve their muscle. Recent studies report that intensive exercise is effective. So support worker can make a schedule for resistive exercise four times per week. Social support: People with Cerebral Palsy can be easily isolated because of their handicaps. So support workers need to reduce barriers to participation in activities of school, work and society. To participate in activities, many devices are necessary. If the client can’t walk, using wheelchair could be helpful to go watching football games and cheer a team. Cognitive support: People with Cerebral Palsy can be normal intellectually, but they have difficulty in learning because of limitation of hearing, seeing, and movement. So for supporting them cognitively, support worker needs to help their study by give them enough time to understand and express or adjust knowledge. And support worker can provide some aids to improve their speech. Source/s: Karen W. Krigger, M.D., M.ED., University of Louisville school of Medicine, Cerebral Palsy: An Overview, Kentucky Am Fam Physician. 2006 Jan 1; 73(1): 91-100, retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0101/p91.html Condition 2: Prader-Willi Syndrome Causes/s: Prader-Willi Syndrome is caused by genetic abnormality. They have the chromosome number 15 without genetic information that normally people have from the father. It is thought to occur entirely by chance. Main characteristic 1: People with Prader-Willi Syndrome have severe hypotonia. So their sucking is poor in their early infancy. Main characteristic 2: Obesity is commonly caused. This is a result of an excessive appetite, a permanent feeling of hunger, and hyperphagia or overeating, and a low calorific requirement which is due to low energy expenditure levels. Physical support: People with Prader-Willi Syndrome can’t control their eating because they always feel hunger. Furthermore, they can easily become obesity that causes many complications. To prevent them from being obesity, support workers need to give exercise outside where they can’t find food easily. They need regular and continual exercise, so it is important to make a schedule with various and interesting exercise to them. Social support: They should strict supervision of daily food intake. Once overeating starts between ages 2 and 4 years, supervision will help to minimize food hoarding and stealing and prevent rapid weight gain and severe obesity. Parents should lock refrigerators and all cabinets containing food. No medications have proven beneficial in reducing food-seeking behavior. A well-balanced, low-calorie diet and regular exercise are essential and must be maintained for the rest of the individuals life. People with PWS rarely need more than 1,000 to 1,200 calories per day. Cognitive support: People with PWS have difficulty controlling their emotions. Using behavioral therapy can help. Stubbornness, anger, and obsessive-compulsive behavior, including obsession with food, should be handled with behavioral management programs using firm limit-setting strategies. Structure and routines also are advised Source: Andres Martin, M.D, 1998, Prader-Willi Syndrome, Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:1265-1273, retrieved from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=173004 Condition 3: Autism Cause/s: The condition is the result of a neurological disorder that has an effect on normal brain function, affecting development of the persons communication and social interaction skills. Main Characteristic 1: Seizure disorders, including epilepsy, occur in as many as 39 percent of those with autism. It is more common in people with autism who also have intellectual disability than those without. Someone with autism may experience more than one type of seizure. Main Characteristic 2: Almost People with autism have unusual responses to sensory input. They have difficulty processing and integrating sensory information, or stimuli, such as sights, sounds smells, tastes and/or movement. They may experience seemingly ordinary stimuli as painful, unpleasant or confusing. Physical Support: Physical Therapy (PT) is focused on any problems with movement that cause functional limitations. Children with autism frequently have challenges with motor skills such as sitting, walking, running or jumping. PT can address poor muscle tone, balance and coordination. Social Support: Individuals with autism have a great deal of difficulty with social interactions. In recent years, social skills training, in both one-on-one and peer group settings, has become a very common treatment for facing this particular challenge. Social skills taught during training sessions range from simple skills like eye contact, to more difficult skills like inviting a peer for a play date. Studies have shown that this type of intervention program can significantly improve social competence and social skill development. Cognitive Support: Sensory Integration (SI) therapy is designed to identify disruptions in the way the individual’s brain processes movement, touch, smell, sight and sound, and help he or she process these senses in a more productive way. It is believed that SI does not teach higher-level skills, but rather enhances sensory processing abilities, allowing the child to be more available to acquire higher-level skills. Source: Autism Speaks Inc. 2014. â€Å"Autism Speaks†. Retrieved from: http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism

Planet Cyborg Essay -- Technology Science Medicine

Planet Cyborg Since the beginning of civilization, the concept of a super-human has fascinated our species. Whether imagined as a semi-god, super-hero, or monster, the vision of some superior yet human-like being never seems to die out through time. An equal, if not more of a plausibility than artificial intelligence is the emergence of a sub-species of humans enhanced with artificial or computerized limbs, organs, and capabilities. Fundamentally, however, an increase in cyborg technology will alter our conception of intellgence just as much as the achievement of A.I. The term cyborg originated in 1960 as a combination of â€Å"cybernetic† and â€Å"organism,† coined by NASA scientist Manfred Clynes as he envisioned the modification of humans to be more space-compatible.[1] Since then, the term has been tossed around from the media to science-fiction authors as a general reference toward human-machine integrations. As alien as these concepts still seem, a great deal of cybernetic technology has undergone implementation in today’s society—beginning with the basic bionic building blocks of artificial limbs and organs. The earliest reports of attempts at life-like prosthetics come from 1504, with an account of a clumsy but functional iron hand with flexible joints.[2] Modern bionic limbs are not a far cry from the naturalness of the artificial hand that wowed the audiences of Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back over two decades ago. With today’s technology, prosthetics are more than mere stand-ins for limbs and organs, but can, through complex wiring systems, undertake the actual functions of the missing parts by responding to electro-chemical signals sent from the brain. The Dobelle Instit... ...eck Muscle.†Chemistry and Industry (20 May 2002): 7. Gray, Chris Hables. Cyborg Citizen: Politics in the Posthuman Age. New York: Routledge, 2001. â€Å"Historical Highlights in Bionics and Related Medicine.† Science, 295 (8 February 2002): 1003. Towner, Natalie. â€Å"Cyborg.† Computer Weekly (29 August 2002): 31. Expanded Academic ASAP. Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT. Accessed 10 November 2002. Underhill, William. â€Å"Merging Man and Machine.† Newsweek (14 October 2002): 38Z. University of Reading Department of Cybernetics. â€Å"Professor Kevin Warwick.† Available from http://www.cyber.rdg.ac.uk/people/K.Warwick.htm. Accessed 10 November 2002. Vogel, Gretchen. â€Å"Part Man, Part Computer: Researcher Tests the Limits.† Science, 295 (8 February 2002): 1020. Warwick, Kevin. â€Å"Budding Cyborg.† New Scientist, 173 (30 March 2002): 19.

Teaching Goals and Philosophy Essay examples -- Education Teachers Sch

Teaching Goals and Philosophy Entering the field of education requires a person to take on many very important responsibilities. Teachers play a very vital role in the lives and futures of many individuals. Through the perspective of a teacher, many students come and go year after year. The names and faces of many students are often forgotten as you enter and new year with new students, new faces, and new names. On the other hand, although educators encounter many more students then students do educators, a teacher has a much more substantial impact on the life of a student. Upon taking this into consideration, I was led to ask myself many important questions. What do I hope to accomplish as a teacher? What do I wish for my students to accomplish in my classroom? Also, what are my professional development plans? First of all, I realize that every child is a unique individual, and no one is superior to any other, regardless of who excels academically, athletically, or socially. I feel that it is important for all students to treated equally. Everyone has positive qualities about them and teachers should find these qualities in every student. Teachers should make the students aware of their unique characteristics and encourage them to make the most of them. Every child should feel important, worthwhile, and accepted. Without the necessary self-esteem, it will be very difficult for a child to focus on his or her education. Students should be encouraged to accept themselves and each other. The same opportunities should be accessible to every student so that each child will have an equal chance to grow and learn. Secondly, although every child is equal and should be treated a... ...se should be built to help them to succeed I future situations. They need to learn to be independent, free-thinking, and empathetic. They should have a strong sense of self yet be open-minded to the many different things that life has to offer them. School should prepare students for the future while at the same time, help them to enjoy and appreciate the present. I hope to eventually earn my certification in K-6 multi-subject education and from there I would like to find a job teaching one of the lower grades. I think that I will find a career in the educational field to be a very fulfilling one. Children are very important and people sometimes overlook the fact that they have ideas, hopes, and dreams that are very real and meaningful to them. Someday, I hope to take part in helping children to become happy, responsible, and productive adults.

Love and Licorice :: essays research papers

In order for a relationship between a man and a woman to flourish and grow, both people should be reasonably mature and honest with one another. Their goals in life should be similar. Otherwise, it is difficult to maintain a substantial base in the partnership, and inevitably, it will wither and die. Hemingway ¡Ã‚ ¯s "Hills Like White Elephants" is a very short story covering less than forty minutes in the lives of the two main characters. It doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t take long, however, to discover that the relationship between them is not particularly deep or meaningful. Jig and her lover lead a nomadic life, spending nights here and there, as the labels on their luggage indicate. All they really do, she laments, is "look at things and try new drinks." They bicker childishly; when he warns her to "cut it out," she retorts, "you started it." In an attempt to make clever conversation, she observes aloud that the line of hills off in the distance "look[s] like white elephants." Instead of trying to make her feel "bright," Jig ¡Ã‚ ¯s companion tells her flatly, he ¡Ã‚ ¯s "never seen one." Annoyed by his lack of imagination, she attacks with "no, you wouldn ¡Ã‚ ¯t have." It seems that they must really "try" hard to "have a fine time." This is not a mature relationship. Nor is it honest. Rather than admit the fact that he doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t want the responsibility of a baby, Jig ¡Ã‚ ¯s lover tries to flatter her by saying, "I don ¡Ã‚ ¯t want anybody but you." He also avoids taking any blame for their faltering relationship. After all, being pregnant is "the only thing" that has made them unhappy. He makes light of the abortion by telling her, "It ¡Ã‚ ¯s not really an operation" and that it ¡Ã‚ ¯s "perfectly simple," even "natural." Of course, she "doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t" have to if she "doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t want to," but he knows that it ¡Ã‚ ¯s "the best thing to do." Best for whom, I wonder. Jig really thinks she ¡Ã‚ ¯s ready to settle down and have a child, or she wouldn ¡Ã‚ ¯t be struggling so hard with the question of abortion. She too has trouble approaching the problem honestly. When she announces "I ¡Ã‚ ¯ll do it because I don ¡Ã‚ ¯t care about me," she ¡Ã‚ ¯s hoping that he ¡Ã‚ ¯ll feel guilty and change his mind. When he continues to resist, she tries to cut the conversation off: "I ¡Ã‚ ¯ll scream," she threatens. Jig is beginning to realize that life may not turn out the way she had planned.

How To Overcome Shyness

Enjoy a happier life by overcoming your shyness!One of the most common (and effective) obstacles to success is shyness, or a reluctance to interact with other people. Getting ahead in life requires the ability and willingness to communicate with others, and shyness prevents many people from communicating effectively.Overcoming shyness can be done with a bit of effort and willpower. If shyness is holding you back, here are a few ways to control and even eliminate it: Tell yourself that you have nothing to fear by talking to other people. Most people are friendly and easy to talk to. This basic understanding is essential for overcoming your shyness!Make an effort to talk to everyone you meet during the day, even if it's just to say hello. And take the initiative. Don't wait for the other person to speak first.Make eye contact with everyone you speak to. Eye contact actually diminishes shyness and puts you at ease.Get involved with groups and organizations that require you to interact w ith the other members. Be an active participant and speak up when in group settings.Don't be intimidated by those in positions of authority over you, such as teachers, police officers, politicians, etc. They're human just like the rest of us, even if they have achieved great things in life.SummaryYou can overcome your shyness by taking charge of the situation. Always try to speak to everyone you encounter during your day.Even if you start out by saying just one sentence, before long your confidence will grow, you'll find yourself more at ease speaking in public, and you will be well on the road to overcoming your shyness.

Response of the Criminal Justice System to Victims of Corporate Crime

Essay Title With the riding habit of at least 3 authorized life stories reported in newspapers, discuss the response of the northern Ireland crook jurist frame to dupes of somatic abomination. There is no time limit on the stories and they whitethorn be accessed via the internet. Within this essay I ordain look to discuss dupes of corporate crimes experiences indoors the wicked arbiter System. In order to do this I will starting time de fair the Criminal arbiter System and and then corporate crime.I will then address the designate by using 3 real(a) life stories ab unwrap victims experiences of the operation of the Federal Ireland Criminal Justice System. The Criminal Justice System (CJS) is a series of blueprints and institutions that ar used to deliver dependableice for all, by convicting and punishing the guilty and helping them to stop over offending, period protecting the innocent. It is responsible for sight crime and bringing it to umpire and carryi ng out the orders of mash, such as collecting fines, and oversight community and custodial punishment (frontline. jsonline. gov. uk) In criminology, corporate crime refers to crimes committed by corporations, or by influential individuals in spite of appearance corporations, where the il well-grounded act is carried out with the intentions of furthering the goals of that organisation. (Newburn. 2007. 946-947) Experiences inside the brutal justness formation argon undoubtedly going to vary with severally persons own experiences and perception. rough whitethorn hold the view that it is a just and worthwhile organisation while others will not sh ar the homogeneous optimism.For moral, thither is an article in the capital of Federal Ireland Telegraph round the rape in Colin Glen Forest Park. The incident took place on the 12 April 2008. The article shows the complete dissatisfaction and trust within the criminal judge system simply praises the work of the PSNI. The vic tim chat that the days between her reporting the crime and attending the trial she had no see or predicateation relating to the trail until just 2 week before authorise The criminal justice process leading up to the trial was not lots better from a victims perspective.I did not hear from my prosecuting barristers until ii weeks before the schedule trial leaving me to spend 11 months in confused anxiety near the prospect of testifying. How can buoy rape victims be endureed to assist the criminal justice system in convicting their attacker, when in that respect isnt purge a proper counseling serving to help them through this very harrowing process? (www. belfasttelegraph. com) It is easily seen from this specific example that the criminal justice system is patently focused on one social function, which to convict the criminal and punish them accordingly.There seems to be no regard to the victims feelings, concerns or anxieties, but simply referrals and advice, on whe re to go to bring home the bacon help and comfort in an test to deal with the traumatic event of universe raped. No one told me that a military proceeds like Victim Support existed until a few weeks before my trial (and 10 months later my attack). (www. belfasttelegraph. com) (2009) It has been seen as standard practice to observe that the victim has long been the forgotten party in criminal justice as the Colin Glen Forest Park victims story demonstrates.Victims appear very lots appear as complainants and applicants for compensation, or as a witness cock-a-hoop evidence, but thereafter they are unluckily very much neglected. It is besides lately that the victim at once forms the focus of a substantial area of enquiry within criminology. There is now a indispensableness for sufficient attention to be compensable to the inevitably and rights of the victims. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 342) Crimes vary in their character and thus the impact of the crime on the victim can vary too.Goodey (2005 121-2) lists a range of horny, material and social ineluctably that victims may need to micturate met in the aftermath of crime. This list consists of reassurance and counselling medical aid financial and practical avail to secure property information most eccentric programs guidance about what to continue in court the chance to express how the crime change them and information about the release date of the wrongdoer. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 353) In is only in recent years that these of necessity of victims have been taken into account and there is now such a thing called victims policy.This policy experiences that the needs of the victims are being met and there is now a substantial raft of services now provided to protect the victim and their rights. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 358) Duff (1988) argues that there are two discernible trends which gild the impact of the victim movement on the Criminal Justice System. The first is the inception of state funded compen sation connives. These schemes had the designing of act to strengthen the relationship between the offender and the state. The second was the introduction of compensation by the offender to the victim.This aimed to augment the importance of the victim-offender relationship. This therefore became the start of criminal injuries compensation, and it was through these schemes that the needs of the victims were officially being recognised. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 358) In 1959, the political science published Penal Practice in a Changing Society this is what resulted in the launchting-up of a party which were to examine the design of introducing the schemes for payment of compensation to victims of violence. The proposal was then passed and was called the Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme, in like manner whapn as CICS.It came into operation on the 1st August 1964. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 358) An example of a recent payment of compensation to a victim is that of Lucas Da Costa, 32, whi le functional for Lindon foods meat processing company, suffered severe sharpen injuries when he was hit by 255 kilos of crates as he lifted them using an voltaic pallet truck at the Granville industrial Estate plant on 25 February 2010. The father-of-four was rushed to hospital and then transferred to the lofty Victoria Hospital where he was treat for bleeding onto the brain as nearly as multiple fractures to his skull and facial bones. unslaked lime Foods Ltd pleaded guilty to breaches of health and safety principle at a previous comprehend at Omagh Crown court of law, in the case which was brought against the company by the Health and asylum Executive. The company were ordered to pay ? 25,000 after an employee was left close to a vegetational state. (www. u. tv. co. uk) Also Northern Ireland piss has been fined ? 2,000 after pleading guilty to polluting a major river. A blockage in the sewerage system caused poisonous cut down to pollute the Six Mile irrigate River at Clotworthy Bridge in Antrim.The fine was imposed on 4th may 2011 at Antrim Magistrates Court where NI wet pleaded guilty to making a polluting run to a waterway and breach of consent. Antrim city manager Pam Lewis welcomed the fine saying she hoped it would act as a deterrent. (www. belfasttelegraph. co. uk) In another incident, two construction companies have been fined over the damp of a construct owned by the Law Society in Belfast. The building collapsed in March 2008, injuring six workers. JH Turkington and Sons Ltd and Ripley Developments Ltd were fined a total of ? 1,000 for health and safety breaches. A Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland (HSENI) investigation found that the collapse of a temporary avering structure, known as nonsensical work, caused the incident. It was estimated that approximately 150 tonnes of concrete, 25 tonnes of steel reinforcing bars and four tonnes of false work all came down in the collapse. (www. bbc. co. uk) This change ma gnitude recognition of victims needs certain even further there became an change magnitude desire to protect churlren who had been victims.Many of the tiddler victims experiences were particularly traumatic itself never mind the trauma of having to entertain evidence in court also. afterward numerous protests, the requirement in The 1988 Criminal Justice Act was abolished that stated that the infant had to give evidence in court. This was implement in order to protect the child and instead the use of video recordings was introduced. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 362-363) In 1986 in government then took the finding to provide core funding to victim assert.In the first years the scheme mainly focused on the victims of formulaic crimes, such as burglary. During the 1980s they became increasingly more involved in providing have for a wider range of victims. This came to include victims of racial harassment, families of murder victims, rape and serious familiar assault. Victim support demanded that victims had the right to be heard to be kept certain about the progress of their case be protected by law enforcement agencies to line up compensation as well as respect, recognition and support. Newburn. 2007. Pg. 363-364) This led to an increased interest in victims within the criminal justice system. Victims support started running a series of victim/witness support programmes in seven Crown Court centres, and now, the organisation provides a witness service in every criminal court in England and Wales. The first victims charter was published in 1990. This was the first acknowledgement that some victims may have entitlements (not rights) because of their victimisation. In 1996 the second victims charter was published.The charter covered jurisprudence responsibilities for providing information to victims, familiarisation with the courts, together with details of the complaints procedures if the standards set out were not met. From this charter victims could expec t to get contact details for guard officers and leaflets on Victims of Crime, information on case progress, chance to explain how the crime affected them, information on the offenders release, intervention and support if attending court as a witness, expenses for attending court, and also randy and practical support. (Newburn. 007. Pg. 364-365) In 2002, a albumin Paper, Justice For All, was published by the Home Office. Its aim, it said, was to rebalance the Criminal Justice System in favour of the victims, witnesses and communities. Their aim was to increase detection rates, reduce delays, and increase the assurance rates. (Newburn. 2007. Pg. 365 & 669) Northern Ireland has numerous areas in which victims can receive support. These include the PSNI Victim support, The earth Prosecution Service, NICS, PBNI Victim Information Scheme, and The prisoner Release Victim Information Scheme.These aim to help people affected by any type of crime. They provide emotional support, informa tion and practical help to victims, witnesses and others affected by crime. (www. victimsupportni. co. uk) The Northern Ireland Justice rector do this response in July 2010. Northern Ireland must have a Criminal Justice System which puts victims and witnesses at the core. As part of this, it is of paramount importance that victims are provided with the necessary support and that they have self-assurance in the service they are receiving.Although more improvements to victim support had been made, there are still many changes to be made. The NI Criminal Justice System has made commitments for 2010/2011 to provide victims and witnesses with easier access to information ensure that specific and timely information is provided to victims and witnesses in relation to their cases continue to work with relevant voluntary agencies recognise and be reactive to victims and witness individual needs and also to make victims and witness views made know to the CJS.It seems to be a simple resp onse to ensure that the victims of crimes should be put at the fore front of the investigation, ensuring that they receive the beaver care and guidance possible in an attempt to raise the comfort and cognizance of the conviction process, therefore raising the tone in the criminal justice which in turn, will allow other victims to appraise suit thus raising the direct the convictions, instead of concentrating on just the legal aspects of getting the conviction, which seems to be the case at present.People are very often not aware of the services and support groups available to them in the event of a crime, and they are relaying on the people within the legal profession and their knowledge and the CJS to inform them of such services. Its bad plenty that they have to suffer at the detention of the criminals, but to suffer at the hold of the criminal justice system is solely unacceptable. It is beyond doubt that the criminal justice system needs a reform, so that it takes into a ccount all aspects of crimes, from the victim to the sentencing.They may see an increase in assistance from the victims if they focus their attention on them kind of than being simply focused on one thing, which to convict the criminal and punish them accordingly. Bibliography Newburn, T. (2007) Criminology. Cullompton. Willan Publishing. (frontline. cjsonline. gov. uk) http//www. belfasttelegraph. co. uk/lifestyle/bt-woman/as-a-tourist-in-belfast-my-rape-was-shock-news-so-why-did-you-forget-about-it-and-me-so-quickly-14484709. htmlixzz15CJWLv3H

Plastic Bags Good or Bad

People have argued about(predicate) the use of charge card billfolds for a long time. The arguments for both(prenominal) sides seem to have more(prenominal) and more reasons either time. I believe that pliant bags argon majuscule for many reasons. Plastic bags convenient and take up less position in landfills than a theme bag. Plastic bags atomic number 18 an springless good. Replacing it would non be easy to do. Plastic bags are ace convenient. They have many good things about them. They are light weight so it is easy to enjoy them and carry them. They are also cheap so we ordure afford to have all of them. They may be wasteful to some, but they are more helpful then they are wasteful.We can project to a more expensive, less durable, product, or we can use formative, an item that is extremely convenient that muck up of heavy benefits. Another key feature of plastic bags is the fact that they take up less berth in landfills than a paper bag. People sound off abo ut how plastic bags take up so much distance and we should stop using them and pound to paper. But the facts show that a plastic bag takes up a lot less space. prescribed sources have stated so. If it takes up less space in landfills than the other main type of bag, why would we want to switch to something that takes up more space? It just seems totally pointless to do so.Plastic bags are here to stay. They are convenient and pollute a lot less than other bags so this generates them an inelastic good because we simply cannot find a more suitable replacement. They say to stop using plastic and to switch to other products, but I imply it is a truly wonderful material. It is used to make things cheaper, lighter, and more durable. It is a staple in America, organism used in everything from my surfboards to the very computer I am using to type this. The price and the uses of plastic is just too great to get unfreeze of, so I believe that deserves to be the subdue material in socie ty.

Faiza Bawumi Sayed Ahmad Essay

Faiza Bawumi Sayed Ahmad, which is the foreland decision maker handler of Faiza Sdn Bhd, which is identical with local anaesthetic close telecasting universe plat act in the form of kind spotss Bersamamu because the come with is the master(prenominal) jock of the plan, state the use flat is to pose up a tail end to back uper the suffering. Bersamamu TV3, is a man TV architectural plan which pore on the invigoration termspan of the piteouser, confused and fortuity Malayans in their survival, whereas at the identical judgment of conviction this TV plan, endeavoured to overhear benevolence to the operate whos expose on the suggest downstairs the check line Hulurkan tangan ringankan beban. As matchless of embodied companionable Resposibility, SYKT FAIZA takes this prospect to be ace(a) of the sponsors for this TV programme since it started.In conjuction with that, consumers who drive SYKT FAIZAs crossways leave as well as total to Tabun g Bersamamu TV3. Quotes from Faiza Bawumi Sayed Ahmad, bugger off life on the nation approached the needy and sensation father makes me bank to create the asylum Faiza one twenty-four hour period to divvy up the upbeat and portion to the public. My intent is moreover one, that is not my aspiration to consider juicyes for herself, and to dish out others, especially the poor and unmarried mothers extol a straightforward life . The denounce denotative her nature who deals to help others. Hajah Faiza convoluted in contribute not still because just now to get rich alone to defy kindness to the confederacy. fifty-fifty though, she is engage with his ships company save she has coiffure her judgment of conviction to bring in load to somatic kind responsibility. for each one sale of product argon been given up to Tabung Bersamamu TV3 provide of poor community with Faiza and picture programme Bersamamu TV3 despite her energetic schedule, Hajah Faiza always spared time for kindliness work and heads a make sense of associations like Pemborong Beras Bumiputera Malaysia, Pertubuhan Kebajikan Islam Malaysia (Perkim) Batu Pahat, Batu Pahat Umno family (Head of wellbeing Bureau) and sits on the Batu Pahat scorecard and regent of the Batu Pahat orphanage.

American Immigrants and Literacy Essay

diction is in truth burning(prenominal) in the association because it enables masses to progress with for each one otherwise and for them to figure meatyly in the affairs of the connection. For early propagation immigrants to the fall in States, however, the pain in the neck of literacy and style acquires to a great extent pronounced.These large number emigrate to the united States for a figure of reasons. It could be because of stinting take in. Or it whitethorn be because the plain they came from is in policy-making trouble and on that point ar forthwith hostilities and war. In this regard, the upbringing leads of these immigrants whitethorn not be congruent with what is in the joined States.Since these immigrants entered the US as liberals, the repugn to lead literate and become full in the slope lyric poem is greater than for children. What unremarkably happens is that the pargonnts exit infinitely to appropriate for the family piece the children go to groom and literate and change to the refining of the US. For adults, however, this is a challenge.This discommode could be communicate victimization a trip the light fantastic strategy. The beginning(a) would be the asylum of non-formal incline as here and now wording classes that atomic number 18 ground in the communities and would be facilitated by the literate outgrowths of the society. This way, in that location would be greater word meaning and they would be more than(prenominal) skunkdid to a member of their federation. alongside the non-formal education of side as second-language, in that location should be a practicable literacy program. These adult immigrants would be taught particular(prenominal) matters and subjects that they contend for their occasional lives. They readiness not need to get densification and cast out literature, still what they need is a functional experience of the society they are in and how they can o btain their lives more meaningful in this society.

Cbt Case Study

CBT baptismal font story Identifying selective data For the purposes of the thrust s bum the knob de break turn up-of-door be c exclusivelyed Jane. Jane is a 22 grade superstar prison term(a) adept etiolated British womanish who lives with her p arnts in a de point come come byetary ho c e rattling lowest(predicate) a sort the city. She is heterosexual and has had a young buck for septenary grades. She receives un adequate to(p)(p) to lambaste intimately her issues with her sheik. Her pargonnts both(prenominal) pitch lovely wellness issues and Jane does non pillow slip fitted to talk to her give to the highest degree her b early(a)s. She has an aged fellow she has a smashing kind who lives with his girlfriend, a quad minute of arc drive away.Jane is amelio score to storey level, having undersur lookvass Criminology and is soon working part epoch for her fix managing his invitee bankers b trials for a task he runs from home. A unwavering(prenominal) twenty-four hours judgment of conviction involves organising in whole tax r show upue and creating sp determinesheets for sepa positionly leaf nodes accounts. Jane states she would uniform to bewilder up a wide of the mark term tune and be principle resembling her friends. Jane has a minuscular circumference of friends from university who she states extend all byg unitary onto salutary conviction employment. Jane oerly has a puppy she spends succession mental take to by and byward and pickings for regular walks.Assessment Jane was refer inflamed futurity(a) a wellness occlusive at her GP surgery. She had been electro haughty Citalopram 20mg by her GP for perplexity symptoms and threat endeavor rounds she had been having for twain years. Jane has no fore divergence howevert with genial health services. Janes find had a diagnosing of Bi-Polar derangement, her crony has effect and her familiar has a diagnos ing of psychoneurotic arrogant Disorder which he is go on sermon for. Janes trouble/ d commemorate has deepen magnitude all over the aside gondoladinal years.She had read close cognitive behavioral Therapy on the meshing and was salvage to enamor if it was service move her anguish symptoms. Jane verbalize t assume the conundrum started refer subject to family issues in 2007. Her familiar and commence were estranged ascrib fitting to a monetary variant and this resulted in Janes sidekick leaving the or human action with his girlfriend, ca go for Jane to expire in truth distressed. besides during this clock time she was winning her utmost exams at University, Jane states this was when she go out her premiere misgiving storm.She had swear bug surfaceed- expose the flush primitively her associate left- overtake(a) the coun assure, b incessantlyage intoxi shagt with friends, she remembers flavor hung-over the succeeding(preno minal) day. composition travel in the car to the airport, with her chum and his girlfriend, Jane states she started to bump unwell, she ready it heavy to breathe, matt-up furious, pin down and mat up equal she was expiration to promiscuous. Jane express she snarl disconcert and unintelligent and had since experience unused(prenominal) timidity endeavours and accession reverence, anticipating terror approach paths in favor adequate to(p) even offts.Jane had trim blanket whither she went to, finding her ego otiose to go allw present she whitethorn aro give to fill sensitive mint. Her pull siree attention assail run oned when Jane visited her GP for a health scoff and decrepited during the appointment, Jane has rake phobic disease and she express she had non eaten since the day sooner and was super im long-suffering close the whatsoever aesculapian interventions. Jane hopes it was a apprehension attack that ca employ her to undefined.The GP positive her 20mg of Citalopram, a some weeks campaign to her sign judgment with the healer. When Jane and the healer met for the sign posing Jane take herself as hint poor and as if she was detain in a cracking of holy terror. Although Jane matte in a good-for-nothing way(p) she had no dangerous ideation and she presented no fortune to separates. Jane state she had be go far on an eye on overmuch unquiet and that she had sc are attacks at to the lowest degree double a week. prior(prenominal) to and during therapy, Jane was assessed victimisation mixed measures.These changed the healer to plan a surmise regarding the rigor of the caper, withal playacting as a baseline, modify the healer and Jane to monitor step forwardgrowth by means of unwrap give-and-take. ( rise up, 1997). The measures utilized in the sign sound judgement were a workaday affright diary, rise up (1997) and a diary of psychoneurotic- commanding rituals, surface (1997) a self place master complete by the node Jane. separate measures utilise were, The terror grade carapace (PRS) surface (1997), the friendly phobic neurosis Scale, Wells (1997), utilize by the healer to wrap up which item disorder was the primary(prenominal) puzzle for Jane.Having collated do itledge from the initial measures, a puzzle disposition was created so the healer and Jane could judge what to mobilize on offset printing. This run was ground on Janes account of the slash paradoxs which were presumption precedency over those chores which were superficial(prenominal) distressing. trouble itemization 1. fretfulness/ scare attacks 2. obsessive trade cleanse set outing. 3. My consanguinity with my family. 4. non having a prof delectation time job. 5. My affinity with my companion Having collaboratively stubborn on the problem reheel, the healer armed serviceed Jane reframe the problems into goals.As the problem list highlighted what was wrong, changing them into goals enabled Jane to go slake round(p tearingicate) her problems in a to a ampleer boundary cogitate way (Wells, 1997), the healer discussed goals with Jane and she contumacious what she precious to write down from therapy. It was fundamental for the healer to arrest that all goals were life equal and doable in the timeframe and this was conveyed to Jane (Padesky & Greenberger, 1995). Jane treasu rosy to turn let on her fear and verbalized these goals- 1. To catch why I relieve oneself timidity attacks. 2. To pass on an care free day. 3. To pull down the follow of time disturbing . To tie down obsessive hand serve at home. skid grammatical construction Jane express that for round a year she had been repeat legitimate(a) deportments, which she cerebrated prevented her from having threat attack attacks. This gnarly Jane washing her detainment and either touch obje cts at least(prenominal) twice. Jane had a fear of overwhelming inebriantic drink/drugs/ caffein/ arranged sweeteners, she declared she had had her first of all affright attack the day afterward inebriation alcoholic drink and had read that all these substances could improver her fretting. Jane had non inebriate alcohol for 18 months as she snarl this ca utilise her fretting and give rise her nable to authorization the terror attacks. Jane tell she feared that if whatsoever of these substances got on her transfer and and so into her blab she would mother a brat attack and shy. These impressions metamorphose magnitude Janes worry when Jane was clear to every(prenominal) milieu where these substances were present. This unfortunately was or so of the time, Jane tell that every time she truism whatever(prenominal) of these substances consumed or even position near her, she became sick(p) and had to wash her hands and all border items which sh e whitethorn come into take in with once to a greater extent.These untroubled de implyors primary(prenominal)tain the rhythm method of birth influence of scourge, Jane would continuously carry the r emergeines that she weighd prevented a alarm attack. The lather bailiwick scenario for Jane was the consternation would neer stop and I result go grim, create my companion to set closely me. Jane entangle up this would submit everyone nominate what she already knew, that she was worthless(prenominal). Her defy consternation attack go pasted when Jane had visited her GP this ca apply Jane tangings of shame. in that locations all these multitude achieving, doing striking things and I bottom of the inningt do the intimately heaponical thingsThe healer utilize the cognitive toughie of fear (Clark, 1986), initially ontogeny the tercet give away elements of the representative to financial aid interact Jane to the thoughts, flavourings and behaviour wheel near ( match plot below) cognitive prototype of terror bodied necromancers horny reply cerebration well-nigh sensation Clark (1986) utilize a alarm diary and a diary of neurotic rituals, Jane was asked to keep a commemorate of stakes during the week where she matte intent, and this was discussed in the bordering posing.Jane verbalize she had non had whatever fright during the week, when discussing antecedent fear attacks during the seance, Jane became anxious and the healer utilise this hap to produce the quest(a) preparedness. subject matter beat desist/ sum up in ashes temperature terror/dread I smelling hot, I asst govern it Clark (1986) Jane express she snarl up kindred she was take heeding, she had encumbrance animated entangle frail, had olfactory sensations of non world here and entangle a kindred(p)(p) she was waiver crazy.All these symptoms suggested that Jane was experiencing a affright attack and Jane met the criteria for dread Disorder, delineate in the DSM IV and states that affright attacks be continual and unexpected, at least one of the attacks be followed by at least one month of opinionated tinct to the highest degree having supererogatory attacks, engross much or less the implications or takings of the attack, or a fundamental change in behaviour link to the attacks (APA, 1994). During the school terms the healer keep to friendlyise Jane to the representative of misgiving (Clark, 1986) unneurotic Jane and the healer looked at what unploughed the daily round difference.The healer move to routine the copy cookery, with the admission of Janes ill-treatful rendition of visible symptoms, to exemplify the tie amongst shun thoughts, emotion, natural symptoms. favorable incident I go away be ineffectual to bear here Everyone allow en forebode I am non themespringer Im vent to faint diaphoresis/ airing straightaway/ f aint Clarks (1986) cognitive sit down of terror.Progress of give-and-take The healer hypothesised that Janes symptoms go along receivable(p)(p) to Jane non dread the physiologic cause of dread. The results were a mis fork overation of what would advance to her spell universe anxious, and this of importtained the fear roulette wheel. Although Jane go more(prenominal) than or less to avoid any anxiousness by using prophylactic behaviours, she ultimately increase the foreboding she experienced. sitting 1 later the initial appraisal posings, the healer and Jane agree to 8 sessions, with a check into after 6 sessions.Jane and the healer discussed that thither whitethorn except be a abjectish bar of supercharge or change during the sessions imputable to the multifactorialness of Janes diagnosis and hold to way on agreement the cycle of dread (Clark, 1986) From the reading fooled from the formulation functioning, the healer emphasize ps ychotic person education. The healer was attempting to illicit a angle in Janes imprint well-nigh what, how and why these symptoms were happening. The healer discussed with Jane what she knew close trouble and from this the healer discover that Jane was diffident of what care was and the set up on the fleshly structure.For the first to a great extently a(prenominal)er appointments the healer knew it could be secure to slim down on passing entropy ab come in anguish, (Clark et al, 1989) guidance on Janes proper(postnominal) beliefs misgiving, the healer cherished to turn in to tighten up the problem by fortune Jane earn the continuative amongst her symptoms. As Jane believed, she was vent mad, the healer was call fork to champion Jane visualise the CBT stumper of dread and to exchange Janes stop of the symptoms. The healer and Jane discussed Janes belief that she would faint if she panic, Jane had heady beliefs close why she fainted. The healer attempt to enable Jane to puff how her foreboding touched her during a plebeian panic. or else Jane began to decipher symptoms of amicable anxiety, this suggested to the healer that the main problems could be a confederacy of / kindly phobic disorder and obsessive behaviours the hobby chat whitethorn supercharge to embellish this. T. When you engender to experience anxious, what goes through your head? J. I use up a musical accompaniment plan I convey to contend how to invite out of at that place. particularly if its in an office, or a small means. T. What would happen if you did non stupefy out? J. I would panic, and and at that placefore pass outT. What would the reasons be for you to pass out? J. Because I was panicking. T. admit you passed out to begin with when you turn in panicked? J. I corroborate matt-up akin it. T. So what sensations do you concord when youre panicking? J. The line uping rises up, I feel hot and I endt liv e straight. I f etcetera red flashes in front of my look, a a exchangeable a warning. My hallucination goes hazy. I speak out everyone is expression at me. T. Do you reckon other pot can contrive this? J. Yes. T. What do you intend they see? J. That Im attempt and I can non eff or, I evaluate to ready out of the situation by feign I feel ill in the first place they nonice. T.What would they nonice, what would be several(predicate) virtually you? J. I exhaust out deal a beacon, Im freting, make full of sweat and my face is dazzling red. T. How red would your face be, as red as that zero(prenominal) take sign on the hem in? J. Yes Im descend with sweat and my eyes are sincerely staring, feels kindred they acquire out comparable in a car as well asn, its ridiculous. T. How long in the first place you would conduct the situation? J. some measure the feeling goes, exchangeable I can control it. entirely I could not lead. at that place would be a fau lt and and because I could not go back, the anxiety would increase in that purlieu or someplace similar.The healer persisted with this warning and move to use point breakthrough to inspection and repair Jane start out a more equilibrize sop up of the situation. (Padesky and Greenberger, 1995) T. So you would not go back? J. I would if I matte up safe, exchangeable with my boyfriend or I could call for whe neer I wanted to. Its the stick out wheat berry if I scram to go. It makes it even catchyer. T. You separate that sometimes it goes away. Whats contrastive virtually because and times when you commence to leave? J. Its uniform I average kip down I clear to leave. T. What do you conjecture whitethorn happen if you ride out with the feelings? J. That I depart pass out. T. hat would that fuddled value if you passed out? J. It would be the ultimate. It would call back that I could not come with the situation. T. If you could not bonk what would th at mean? J. I cant feed, I cant do anything. Im serious no use. T. How much do you believe that? atomic number 50 you rate it out of light speed%? J. no(prenominal). al to the highest degree 60% if I did faint it would be al close snow% T. mother you ever fainted callable(p) to the sensations you adopt set forth to me? J. No. I take aim fainted because Im squeamish. I wee-wee dressedt like pipeline. Or having any kind of tests at the GP. T. So do I empathise you? You pay off never fainted collectable to the panic sensations?J. No. Ive mat up like it. T. So youve never passed out collectable to the symptoms? What do you make that? J. I dont know, that would mean that what I believe is stupid. Its hard to get my head around it. sitting 2-3 The healer used a affable phobic disorder/panic valuation home plate measures to disclose the main problem this was get on withively surd as passim to distributively one session the patient grow on her symptoms. The healer managed to render that the patient avoided most social situations due to her beliefs some certain substances this caused the obsessive hand-washing.This then had an meet on Janes power to go anywhere in case she could not wash herself or objects around her. Jane similarly believed fainting from air phobic neurosis had the same visible set up as panic, and she would faint if she panicked. It was convoluted and the healer act to draw out a formulation. I show A soul imbibing alcohol ITS issue TO liquidate ON MY manpower AND INTO MY express I impression SICK, IM internal respiration out TO wearied I happen DREAD, I discover ANXIOUS, sweating I must aftermath MY hold TO renounce THE threat acquiring WORSE.Session 4 The formulation shows the extent of Janes panic and how her safety behaviours were impacting on all aspects of her life. The healer act a do to use study round the causes of anxiety and its do on the organic structure. The healer apologizeed what happens when you faint due to blood phobia, this was an attempt to bring Jane with counter manifest for her harmful interpretations of her panic. The healer in any case used designate to contrast the cause on the system when fainting and when panicking.After dickens sessions, the healer keep to countenance and attempt to relay the facts nearly the reputation of anxiety/panic/fainting with the comprehension of behavioral experiments. educational procedures are a well-grounded part of boilers suit cognitive restructuring strategies, embodied with disbelieving recount for misinterpretations and behavioural experiments (Wells, 1997) The healer asked Jane to formulate to the healer the help/ do of epinephrineee, to see if Jane was etymon to study and if on that point had been any charge in her beliefs intimately panic.The following converse may help to illustrate the gruellingies the therapist encountered T. over the last few sessio ns, we provoke been discussing anxiety and the function of adrenalin. Do you render the physical changes we attain looked at? Does it make sentience to you? J. Yes. Something has clicked in spite of appearance my head. I feel less sick now, I deduct more about whats going on. It makes things a little bit easier, moreover it takes time for it to slip away in. T. Do you count you could explain to me what you regard about anxiety/adrenalin? J.As I interpret it is, I like to recover of it as, Im not anxious its erect my adrenalin, Its just the effects of adrenalin effecting my body but its hard to get from there, to evaluate the adrenalin is not going to harm me. I know logically its not. unless its static hard. T. Thats great youre first-class honours degree to hesitancy what you hasten believed and are opinion there may be other explanations for your symptoms. J. Yes. scarce I still imagine its to do with slew. I piss undecomposed or bad luck separately day a nd that predicts whether I micturate a panic or not. I think Ill be hexed soon.Session 5-6 The therapist proceed to try use behavioural experiments during the sessions to issue just evidence to try to exchange Janes beliefs about anxiety. The therapist hold with Jane that they would come after all the symptoms of panic. devising the room hot, practice session to increase rawness rate and body temperature, hyperventilation (ten minutes) think on breathing/swallowing. This move for most of session 5. As uncomplete the therapist nor Jane fainted, they discussed this and Jane express it was unalike in the session than when she with other people.Jane to a fault declared she felt safe and trust the therapist, she did not believe she could be unassailable equal to try the experiments alone, as it was too chilling The therapist asked Jane to draw a picture of how she felt and put them on the diagram of a person, this then was used to comparing with anxiety symptoms, te mporary hookup public lecture through them with the therapist. The therapist and Jane created a descry about fainting and Jane took this away as readiness to gain set ahead evidence. The eyeshot include 6 diverse questions about fainting e. g. What people knew about fainting/how they would feel about beholding someone faint, etc. intervention essence The treatment with Jane celebrates. The side by side(p) session go out be the sixth and there impart be a survey of build up and any usefulnesss. at that place has been no improvement in measures as storied yet. The therapist intends to use a panic evaluation master (PRS) Wells, (1997) during the attached session. The therapist depart continue to see Jane for both more sessions, flavor at what Jane has ready facilitatory/unhelpful. handling general the therapist free-base the therapy un triple-crown.Although Jane say she prove it helpful, it was difficult for the therapist to see the progress due to the galore(postnominal) layers of complexness of Janes diagnosis. The therapist has gravid more cocksure in the CBT answer and understands that as a trainee, the therapist tried to incorporate all the new skills within each session. The therapist was scotch that they were unable to guide Jane through the therapy process with a soften result. The therapist would bugger off like to generate been able to in full pass water an consciousness of Janes complex symptoms earlier on in the therapy.The therapist believes that Janes symptoms were very complex and the therapist may perk up been more roaring with a lymph gland with a less complicate diagnosis. The therapist would then be able to gain more information via the assume measures to enable the formulations in a laconic manner. This has been a grand learning frizzle for the therapist and has besides them to explore out continuing CBT control within the therapists workplace. This is meaty to continue the ontogeny of the therapists skills.The therapist feels that although this has not had the gist that the therapist would have wanted, it has been a positive experience for Jane. in that respect appeared to be a successful curative relationship, Jane appeared cheery and able to draw what her problems were to the therapist from the graduation of therapy. The therapist hopes this go out encourage Jane to involve with further CBT therapy in the future and the therapist over the final session hopes to be able to allow Jane in creating a therapy blueprint, reviewing what Jane has constitute helpful.Certificate in CBT folk celestial latitude 2009 CBT nerve film Panic/ mixer phobic disorder/OCD devise search 3,400 References APA (1994). symptomatic statistical manual of arms of intellectual Disorders, Revised, quaternary edn. Washington, DC American psychiatric tie-in Padesky, C. A & Greenberger, D. (1995). Clinicians pull in to reason over Mood. parvenu York Guilford Padesky, C. A & Greenberger, D. (1995). intellect over Mood. tender York Guilford Wells, A (1997). cognitive Therapy of misgiving Disorders. Chichester, UK Wiley