Infectious Disease Prevention And Control - 2711 Words

Infectious Disease Prevention and control Katie Rowson Nursing 420 Longwood University Abstract This paper explores ways in which hospitals and people in general prevent and control infectious diseases. There are five articles that will be examined throughout the paper that provide a wide variety of strategies to help control and prevent infection within hospitals worldwide. Four out of the five of these articles go into depth about preventing a hospital-acquired infection during a patient’s hospital stay. Many of the articles covered in this paper show how hospitals have a uniform and universal protocol when it comes to infection prevention. The idea of a universal protocol is extremely important†¦show more content†¦Throughout this paper I will explain ways in which this task is done. Infection prevention and control is a major role in hospitals. Most hospitals have strict protocol and training to help unify the care given to each patient by the nurse. According to Nazarko, one of the first steps to preventing infection is monitoring for warning signs of an infection (2014). After one identifies a risk then they will initiate further preventative actions. Another key part in infection prevention is the process of surveillance and reporting. There is a list of diseases that doctors and healthcare providers must report to the Center of Disease Control, CDC. This is an essential step in order to track the spread of potentially fetal diseases. As you will read further in this paper, another way countries can use surveillance is using a computer system that can automatically research disease prevalence. That type of surveillance offers quick and reliable information instead of relying on doctors and nurses to report diseases manually; technology is the future especially in our country. This paper will give a general overview of steps, strategies, and ways to prevent the spread of infection, mainly in a hospital setting; specifically diseases such as: catheter-related disease and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infection control is a very â€Å"hot topic† in the medical field. We are constantly running new tests and finding new ways to implement infection

Examples Demonstrate Use of Subjunctive Mood in Spanish

The subjunctive mood can be daunting for English speakers who are learning Spanish. This is mostly because even though English has its own subjunctive mood,  we dont use its distinctive forms very often. Therefore, the subjunctive can often most easily be learned by studying examples of its use. What Is the Subjunctive Mood? Lets start with the basics: The mood (sometimes called the mode) of the verb either expresses the speakers attitude toward the verb or describes how the verb is used in a sentence. The most common mood—the indicative mood—is used to refer to what is real, to state facts, to make declarations. For example, the verb in Leo el libro (I am reading the book) is in the indicative mood. In contrast, the subjunctive mood is typically used in such a way that the verbs meaning relates to how the speaker feels about it. In the sentence Espero que està © feliz (I hope that she is happy), the second verb, està © (is), may or may not be reality; what is important here is the speakers attitude toward the second  half of the sentence. Examples of the Subjunctive Mood Proper uses of the subjunctive mood can best be seen through examples. In these sample sentences, the Spanish verbs are all in the subjunctive mood (even if the English verbs are not). The explanations can help you understand why the verbs are in the subjunctive mood in the first place. Quiero que no tengas frà ­o. (I want you to not be cold.)Its irrelevant whether or not the person is cold or not. The sentence expresses a wish, not necessarily reality.Siento que tengas frà ­o. (Im sorry you are cold.)The sentence expresses the speakers emotions about a perceived reality. What is important in this sentence is the speakers feelings, not if the other person is actually cold.Te doy mi chaqueta para que no tengas frà ­o. (Im giving you my coat so you wont be cold.)The sentence expresses the speakers intent, not necessarily reality.Se permite que lleven chaquetas allà ­. (People are allowed to wear jackets there.)The phrase expresses permission for an action to take place.Dile a ella que lleve una chaqueta. (Tell her to wear her jacket.)This expresses a command or wish of the speaker.Es preferible que ustedes no viajen maà ±ana a Londres. (It is preferable that you dont travel to London tomorrow.)The subjunctive is often used in giving advice.No hay nadie que tenga frà ­o. (Nobody is cold.)This is an expression of a negation of the action in a subordinate clause.Tal vez tenga frà ­o. (Perhaps he is cold.)This is an expression of doubt.Si yo fuera rico, tocarà ­a el violà ­n. (If I were a rich man, I would play the fiddle.)This is an expression of a statement contrary to fact. Note that in this English translation, were is also in the subjunctive mood. Comparing the Subjunctive and Indicitive Moods These sentence pairs show differences between the indicative and subjunctive. Note how in most of the examples, the English verb form is the same in translating the two Spanish moods. Example 1 Indicative: Es cierto que sale tarde. (It is definite that she is leaving late.)Subjunctive: Es imposible que salga tarde. Es probable que salga tarde. (It is impossible that she is leaving late. It is likely that she will leave late.)Explanation: In the indicative sentence, the early departure is presented as fact. In the others, it is not. Example 2 Indicative: Busco el carro barato que funciona. (Im looking for the cheap car that works.)Subjunctive: Busco un carro barato que funcione. (Im looking for a cheap car that works.)Explanation: In the first example, the speaker knows that there is a car that matches the description, so the indicative is used as an expression of reality. In the second example, there is doubt that such a car exists, so the subjunctive is used. Example 3 Indicative: Creo que la visitante es Ana. (I believe the visitor is Ana.)Subjunctive: No creo que la visitante sea Ana. (I dont believe the visitor is Ana.)Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example because the subordinate clause is negated by the main clause. Generally, the indicative is used with creer que or pensar que, while the subjunctive is used with no creer que or no pensar que. Example 4 Indicative: Es obvio que tienes dinero. (It is obvious you have money.)Subjunctive: Es bueno que tengas dinero. (It is good you have money.)Explanation: The indicative is used in the first example because it expresses reality or apparent reality. The subjunctive is used in the other example because the sentence is a reaction to the statement in the subordinate clause. Example 5 Indicative: Habla bien porque es experto. (He speaks well because hes an expert.)Subjunctive: Habla bien como si fuera experto. (He speaks well as if he were an expert.)Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example because its irrelevant to the sentence whether hes an expert, although the sentence suggests that he isnt. Example 6 Indicative: Quizà ¡s lo pueden hacer. (Perhaps they can do it [and Im sure of it].)Subjunctive: Quizà ¡s lo puedan hacer. (Perhaps they can do it [but I doubt it].)Explanation: In a sentence such as this, the subjunctive is used to emphasize uncertainty or doubt, while the indicative is used to emphasize certainty. Note how the Spanish verb form is used to indicate an attitude that might need further explanation in English. Example 7 Indicative: Hay polà ­ticos que tienen coraje. (There are politicians who have courage.)Subjunctive:  ¿Hay polà ­ticos que tengan coraje? (Are there politicians with courage?)Explanation: The subjunctive is used in the second example to express doubt, and it is not clear that the subject of the sentence  exists in reality. Example 8 Indicative: Llegarà © aunque mi carro no funciona. (I will arrive even though my car isnt running.)Subjunctive: Llegarà © aunque mi carro no funcione. (I will arrive even if my car isnt running.)Explanation: The indicative is used in the first sentence because the speaker knows their car isnt working. In the second sentence, the speaker doesnt know whether or not it is running, so the subjunctive is used. Example 9 Indicative: La pirà ¡mide ha sido reconstruida por el gobierno provincial. (The pyramid has been restored by the provincial government.)Subjunctive: Estoy feliz que la pirà ¡mide se haya reconstruido. (I am happy that the pyramid has been restored.)Explanation: The indicative is used in the first sentence because it is a direct statement of fact. The main point of the second example is the speakers reaction to the event, so the subjunctive is used. Example 10 Indicative: Cuando està ¡s conmigo se llena mi corazà ³n.  (When you are with me my heart is full.)Subjunctive: Cuando està ©s conmigo iremos por un helado. (When you are with me we will go for an ice cream.)Explanation: When the indicative is used with cuando in a sentence such as the first example, it refers to a recurring action. The use of the subjunctive in the second example indicates that the event has yet to take place. Finding the Subjunctive in English The subjunctive was once used in English more than it is today—it is now employed most in formal speech, not everyday conversation. Still, cases where it is still used in English might help you remember some of the instances where it is used in Spanish. Contrary-to-fact condition: If I were the president, Id keep us out of war.Expression of a desire: I would like it if he were my father.Expressions of request or advice: I insist that he go. We recommended that he fill out the form. In all the above cases, a straightforward translation to Spanish would likely use the subjunctive mood. But remember that there are numerous instances where the subjunctive is used in Spanish where we make no distinction in English.

Nigerian Economy Macroeconomic Analysis - 5021 Words

sisNigeria – Country Report 2012 61310039 Indian School of Business 7/6/2012 Contents Economic Overview 3 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 3 GDP Composition 4 Inflation 4 Shadow Economy 5 Trade Overview 5 Foreign Debt 7 Labor Market amp; Human Capital 7 Population and Income Inequality 8 Unemployment 9 Currency 10 Money Supply and Monetary Control 10 Fiscal policy 12 Exchange rates 12 Interest Rates 13 Foreign Direct Investment 14 Globalization and Comparative Advantage 14 Conclusion 15 References 16 Economic Overview Nigerias economy is estimated to be worth about $262bn, making it one of the largest economies in Africa. The estimates and analysis of various indicators is discussed in the†¦show more content†¦It is expected moderate only in 2014 as a result of moderation in commodity prices. The April 2012 inflation data as obtained shows a Month-on-month inflation to be (0.13%), Year-on-Year (12.9%), 12-Month Avg. Chg. (11.1%). The inflation rate is exceedingly high and is detrimental towards investment in the country. The Consumer Price Index and Nigerian Inflation rate is shown below. Source: Economic Intelligence Unit Shadow Economy The untaxed and unregulated revenues - by some estimates - account for between 40% and 45% of gross domestic product (GDP). Nigerians make most of their living, as street hawkers, minibus drivers, money changers or market traders. In spite of the abysmal performance of the country’s economy, poor infrastructure and unfriendly business environment Nigeria has huge potentials to be tapped because of its huge deposits of Natural Resources and population that can be gainfully employed. The black economy accounts for a large part of the Nigerian economy. Trade Overview Nigeria has considerable natural resources such as oils, and the revenue from oil exports forms a major chunk of the Government fund. Nigeria has recently started a sovereign wealth fund and the excess returns from oil exports viz-a-viz projected returns is directed to this sovereign fund. This fund is building up at a slower pace as the revenue is being directed towards meeting government excess spending to meet the countries capitalShow MoreRelatedNigerian Economy: Macroeconomic Analysis5008 Words   |  21 Pages Inflation 4 Shadow Economy 5 Trade Overview 5 Foreign Debt 7 Labor Market amp; Human Capital 7 Population and Income Inequality 8 Unemployment 9 Currency 10 Money Supply and Monetary Control 10 Fiscal policy 12 Exchange rates 12 Interest Rates 13 Foreign Direct Investment 14 Globalization and Comparative Advantage 14 Conclusion 15 References 16 Economic Overview Nigerias economy is estimated to be worth about $262bn, making it one of the largest economies in Africa. The estimatesRead MoreCurrency Devaluation And Fuel Subsidy Removal1185 Words   |  5 PagesCurrency devaluation and fuel subsidy removal are policies that are phenomena to the Nigerian economic environment. This research study identifies that the implementation of the policies has further caused more challenges in the pursuit for economic development than remedy to alleviate the crisis. From the research questions of this research study, was the questionnaire developed aimed at prying into currency devaluation and fuel subsidy removal for Nigeria’s economic development. The use of questionnairesRead MoreThe Impact of Macroeconomic Instability on the Banking Sector7782 Words   |  32 PagesJournal of Money, Investment and Banking ISSN 1450-288X Issue 7 (2009)  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009 http://www.eurojournals.com/JMIB.htm The Impact of Macroeconomic Instability on the Banking Sector Lending Behaviour in Nigeria Somoye, Russell Olukayode Christopher Associate Professor, Department of Banking and Finance Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye P.O Box 1140 Ijebu Ode , Nigeria E-mail: olukayodesomoye@hotmail.com Tel: + 234-8033335688 Ilo, Bamidele M Department of BankingRead MoreEffects of Finanacial Crises on Nigerian Capital Market5207 Words   |  21 PagesWith its roots in banking, the sub-prime mortgage crisis that commenced in the United States in 2007 soon resonated in other sectors of its financial system, and the economy, at large. It spread quickly to the developed economies in Europe, including the United Kingdom, and Asia -with Japan becoming well affected. The emerging economies were not isolated. A transmission channel of the global financial crisis, which has been referred to as the â€Å"Globalised Synchronized Slowdown† is the stock market SERE-EJEMBIRead MoreThe Organizational Structure Of Gtbank International Organization1274 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermine if this is abnormally high or not; a cross-sectional analysis of the competition is needed to determine if GTBank is too highly leveraged. The company has many foreign exchange risk exposures; they issue loans in multiple currencies (i.e. currencies of countries where they have operations) and began issuing USD bonds in 2013. In 2014 the Nigerian Naira devalued twice from N155/USD eventually to N197/USD. Despite the Nigerian Central Bank’s insistence to peg the Naira at N197/USD, thereRead MoreInterest Rate And Interest Rates1402 Words   |  6 Pagesinterest rate, the compounding frequency, and the length of time over which it is lent, deposited or borrowed (Wikipedia). Interest rate as policy instrument can be used to foster meaningful macroeconomic stability,the rate of interest exacts its influence on the macro economy by transmitting through savings, investment, output, employment, money supply and balance of payment. As a return on investment in financial assets, interest rate serves as inducement to save and byRead MoreThe Effect of Globalisation on the Development of Underdeveloped1 Economies7888 Words   |  32 PagesTHE EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNDERDEVELOPED1 ECONOMIES By MUSA JEGA IBRAHIM The existing wide disparities between the developed and the underdeveloped economies makes globalisation a tool for stultifying the industrialisation process, and by extension, retarding the growth and development of underdeveloped economies. Trade liberalisation, the cardinal instrument of globalisation ensures that industrialised countries have access to world markets, which enhances furtherRead MoreThe Impact of Exchange Rate Fluctuation on Macroeconomic Performance in Nigeria22514 Words   |  91 PagesTHE IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE FLUCTUATION ON MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This study is designed to examine the causes of exchange rate fluctuations and their impact on the Nigerian economy since there is scarcely any country that lives in absolute autarky in this globalised world. The economies of all the countries of the world are linked directly or indirectly through asset or/and goods markets. This linkage is made possible throughRead MoreThe Capital And Recurrent Expenditure On Human Capital Development3676 Words   |  15 PagesNigeria between the years 1981 and 2010. The data used for the study are from secondary sources: Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) publications, Statistical Bulletins and CBN Annual Reports (various issues). The paper employed a descriptive statistical analysis of trends of government capital and recurrent expenditure on human capital development as well as economic growth using data on Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) as proxy. The findings reveal that government places higher premium on its recurrentRead MoreFactors That Affe cts The Global Economy And Its Impact On The Nigeria And Egypt Economy1568 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects the global economy and their impact on the Nigeria and Egypt economy. In 2007, the financial crisis, which later extended to the global financial crisis began in the United States of America. The origin and elements of the 2007/2012 global financial crisis have been widely discussed in the literature throughout the period. The aim of this work is to, however, try to point out the reasons and also the macroeconomic effects of the financial crisis in both countries economy and the resulting

The Connection between Child Abuse and Crime Essay

Every year, child abuse and neglect affect more than one million children nation-wide (Currie and Tekin 1). Along with this, child abuse is the source of severe injury to more than 500,000 children and the death of over 1,500 children (Currie and Tekin 1). These outrageously large numbers reveal the extent to which child abuse and neglect impact society; however, they do not acknowledge the effect abuse can have on a child’s life and the repercussions that may occur in both the individual’s childhood and adulthood. While the effects most certainly include physical pain and possibly future disabilities, child abuse and neglect can also affects the child’s psychological welfare. Psychological effects are often more difficult to recognize,†¦show more content†¦Social Control Theory presents the idea that all humans maintain an inclination to act in a violent manner and the sole thing that prevents an individual from conceding to that inclination is the soci al connection they have with others; when this connection is hindered by abuse or neglect, the child is driven toward his or her impulse of violence and crime (Currie and Tekin 4). The last theory, Social-Psychological Strain Theory, suggests that the stress that is caused by abuse also has a role in driving an individual towards criminal activity (Currie and Tekin 4). While the theoretical reasoning that supports the idea that child abuse often leads to crime gives a basis for the concept, much of the evidence that links the two lies in the concrete details. The visible effects of child abuse and neglect that assist with the basis that has been given by the psychological theories lies in observable behavioral and emotional effects of those who are known to have been subject to maltreatment as children. Some children who have a history with abuse do not experience any repercussions while others experience extreme consequences; this is largely because of the certain child’s ab ility to handle and grow from negative experiences (Child Welfare Information Gateway 3). Children who experience consequencesShow MoreRelatedComparing Male And Female Juvenile Delinquency874 Words   |  4 Pagesjuveniles examined are offenders in a large juvenile justice system. The participants are of multiple races and live in a Midwestern city with a high rate of crime as indicated by federal standards. They each served different length sentences in a detention center between 2004 and 2007 (Martin et al., 2008). The difference and similarities between male and female delinquents can be analyzed. By determining the basic psychological and behavioral profile of these juveniles, one can hope to gain aRead MoreIs Animal Abuse Be Considered A Felony Rather Than A Misdemeanor?878 Words   |  4 Pagessentence. Animal abuse should be considered a felony rather than a misdemeanor. Animal abuse can be a precursor to future crimes. Experts have conducted hundreds of studies about the connection between human on animal crimes and human on human crimes. They have determined that people who abuse or neglect their animals tend to move to other crimes as the abuser ages. If people watched these animal abusers they could see the signs that they might commit future crimes. There is a link between murderers andRead MoreIs Religion An Effective Deterrent Against Juvenile Delinquency?1363 Words   |  6 Pagesorder to serve as a deterrence to that path. One such path is religion and we will see if it has the capability to act as a deterrent, and if not then what other factors can be examined. Proverbs 22:6 (The New King James Version) reads â€Å"train up a child the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it.† Though this is taken from a religious scripture, it is also a common-held belief that the things we teach our children, like saying please and thank you, honesty is the best policyRead MoreChild Maltreatment : A Historical Perspective1574 Words   |  7 PagesChild Maltreatment Historical Perspective From a historical perspective, child maltreatment has varied in form depending the time and place and the standing of which children hold within family and society. Child maltreatment as defined by the, includes physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, in addition to neglect (National Institution, 2011). Early childhood experiences create the basis for expression of intelligence, emotions, and personality (National Institution, 2011). When these experiencesRead MoreThe Impact of Criminal Sanctions on Racial Ethnic and Socioeconomic Inequality: An Analysis974 Words   |  4 Pagesand Uggen (2006) explore the connection between racial and economic disparages and the statistics regarding crime and punishment of those members of the population. Researchers have long reported the connection between the lack of privilege in circumstances of birth and uprising and the likelihood of being involved in crimes at a later age in life. Particularly, people who start to commit crimes earlier in life will be more likely to get involved in more serious crimes later one. The earlier the exposureRead MoreThe Causation Of Child Molestation1322 Words   |  6 Pages Causation of Child Molestation There are several different types of abuse, from sexual abuse to verbal abuse etc. Many happen within our own homes and the act is very unnoticeable. People being sexually attracted to children used to account for a very small percentage of people. However, as time continues more child sexual offenders are being reported. As time continues more children are facing the experience of being molested. Child sexual abuse faced not only in the United StatesRead MoreDomestic Violence VS Animal Cruelty and Child Abuse1665 Words   |  7 Pagesstate should assist in seeking a greater protection for not only animals but human companions as well. In theory, there are a variety of reasons why people abuse animals. Animal cruelty covers a wide range of actions that can initially be broken down into two main categories; passive and active cruelty. The first is acts of omission, meaning abuse from lack of action to take care of their animals. Passive cruelty can be referred to cases of neglect of animals. Some examples of neglect are starvationRead MoreAnswers on Questions Regarding the Relationship between Violence and Child Development1338 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered to be unacceptable. Corporal punishment may occur in the homes, schools or judicial settings. (Donnelly Murray, 2005) One of the greatest debates that are surrounding corporal punishment is whether it should be used or not while raising a child. Those who are against this form of punishment claim that it teaches children to become more aggressive and that studies have shown that spanking leads to negative behaviors in children including antisocial behaviors, moral internalization and inappropriateRead MoreThe Problem Of Juvenile Delinquency894 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation will commit their first crime between the ages of fourteen and fifteen. While most are just beginning puberty, these young boys and girls are becoming juvenile delinquents because they chose the wrong path or the wrong path was laid out for them. THEORIES AND CAUSE OF JUVENILE DELIQUENCY There are many theories and causes to why some juveniles end up being juvenile delinquents. The first is that peer groups can play a major role in one’s life between the ages of twelve and eighteen, pressuringRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Is A Crime Against Humanity1246 Words   |  5 PagesIn order to constitute animal cruelty as a Crime Against Humanity we must prove that society is ignoring the violence towards them despite the research evidence, the government sanctions mass killings of them, and that this type of violence affects humans on a large scale (Plant, Schaik, Gullone, Flynn 2016). Although dispositional factors such as empathy and aggression may influence animal cruelty, we must look at the environmental factors that lead to the negative effects from a macro-level perspective

Czech National Gymnastics Organization Free Essays

From 1860 to 1940 the role of organized sports in Europe greatly expanded and grew in popularity. The participation in sports flourished, as so did competition, especially with the development of the Olympic games. The impacts of these organized sports was a positive advance in Europe that furthered nationalist patriotism through unification, encouraged morality, and created a true understanding of the importance of physical health. We will write a custom essay sample on Czech National Gymnastics Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now A strong sense of national pride was cultivated through sports, which can be seen in military effects.The Czechs saw the importance of sports as a way to create the perfect soldier. Miroslav Tyrs, the cofounder of the Czech National Gymnastics Organization stated that the training of athlete produced â€Å"an unbreachable defense on which the assaults of our foes will be shattered. † (Document 1). Sports was seen as symbolic of war and was advertised as a game through British propaganda (Document 6). Soon sports became the training ground, one which was waged against the rest of the world through the Olympic Game. According to Martin Berner, a Berlin journalist in the 1913 article, â€Å"The Olympic games are a war a real war†, â€Å"that gives enough insight into world ranking† (Document 5). Moreover, Japanese traveler Y. Mihashi stated that after his viewing of a Denmark gymnastics competition in 1930 that the athletes were like â€Å"statues come to life, with unbelievable living rhythm† (Document 9). Mihashi also spoke of the ecstasy of the spectators, cheering for their country, and the sense of national pride instilled in them.However, Sir Robert Baden Powell, founder of the boy scouts, criticized the obsessions of spectators in 1908, stating that the games often became vicious and would turn the players into aggressive figures (Document 30). The negative effect sports did have on spectators did not weaken the fact that sports did unify Europe and that the spectators were cheering in unison, but only in a rather un-orderly way. A stricter sense of morality was introd uced throughout the role of organized sports as an outcome of its popularity. Sir Baden-Powell encouraged the playing of sports since it was â€Å"the best training for the game of life† â€Å"developing a lad physically and morally, for he learns to play with good temper and unselfishness† (Document 3). An African delegate of a British colony in 1910 said that in sports lay â€Å"perfect union† and â€Å"a complete subordination of the self† (Document 4). The delegate also precluded that in order for one’s country to succeed in life they must be able to attain unification through the use of organized sports.Besides the development of a strong sense of pride in one’s country and the stricter enforcements of morals, sports also encouraged the improvements of physical health. In not only men but also in women, which furthered the idea of women’s equality through Europe. Soviet Physician Nikolai Semashko in 1928 stated that â€Å"physical culture in the soviet understanding is concerned not with record breaking bu t with people’s physical health†¦ has personal and social hygiene as it’s major objective. † (Semashko, Doc. ) The Soviet’s sports were seen as an integral part of the revolution, improving the well being of all citizens. The role of women also was integrated into the idea of sports and physical involvement, in 1910 women were accepted as part of the Czech gymnastics organization (doc 2), were seen to be needing the same physical training as a man (Doc 10) thereby further establishing a sense of physical equality in 1930, Germany, supported by German physician Alice Profe. And the support of female athletes on a competitive level can be seen by the appearance of females in gymnastics in the 1880’s (Doc 12).Seen to encourage â€Å"courage and agility in women which was traditionally seen as a solely male attribute. Although sports fostered a nationalist attitude it was also seen to encourage peaceful national ties. In â€Å"Peace through sport† from the British National Workers Sports Association in 1935, the international games encouraged peace between nations through â€Å"friendly rivalry between our continental brothers and ourselves on the sports field†¦ it will be much better easier to talk peace and infinitely harder †¦ to stir up war against eachother. (Doc 11). The organized sports of the time period between 1860 and 1940 helped create a sense of national pride, encouraged morality and physical well being, a sense of comradery, women’s equality, as well as peaceful relations between countries, resulting in many advances culturally and socially throughout Europe. . How to cite Czech National Gymnastics Organization, Papers

Impatiens Balsamina Linn. (Kamantigue) Flower Extract a Potential Antifungal Agent for Candida Albicans and Trichophyton Mentagrophytes free essay sample

way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) decision table ‘ CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The Impatiens balsamina Linnaeus, or commonly known as kamantigue, is a medical herb also known as garden balsam. This plant is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia belonging to the family Balsaminaceae (Touch-me-not Family). This plant can easily be seen anywhere in the Philippines. It is an annual (yearly) plant growing to 20 to 75  cm tall, with a thick branch but soft stem. The leaves are spirally-arranged, 2. 5 to 10  cm long and 1 to 2. 5  cm broad, with a deeply toothed margin. The most common flowers are pink, purple, white, or red and it is approximately 2. 5 to 5  cm diameter (http://www. plantoftheweek. org/week337. shtml). Different parts of the plant has many uses, the leaves, seeds and stem are used to treat skin afflictions and the juice extract of kamantigue was used to treat warts and even snakebite, while the flower can be applied to burns to cold the skin. The seeds of  Impatiens Balsamina contain four cysteine rich compounds with marked antimicrobial properties (http://stuartxchange. com/Kamantigi. html). The phytochemical content of Impatiens balsamina Linn. are Impatienol, pelagonidine, delphinide, cyanidine, balsaminones A and B, hosennkosides F-O and others are found in kamantigue which has antimicrobial and antifungal properties. ( A Guide to Medicinal Plants 2010 by Koh Hwee Ling, Chua Tung Kian, Tan Chay Hoon). Several species of genera Impatiens are currently still tested for their antifungal properties. 2-methoxy-1,4-napthoquinone that is used as an active ingredient of some formulation of preparation H; brand of medication manufactured by pfizer) Candida albicans is the most common pathogen within the genus Candida (Wingard, 1995; Pfaller, 2004). It is a diploid fungus that grows both as yeast and filamentous cells. Systemic fungal infections (fungemias) including those by Candida albicans have emerged as important causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients like those who are suffering from AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, organ or bone marrow transplantation. Candida albicans biofilms may form on the surface of implantable medical devices. In addition, hospital-acquired infections by Candida albicans have become a cause of major health concerns. (Pfaller, 2002) Candida albicans is commensal and a constituent of the normal gut flora comprising microorganisms that live in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Candida albicans lives in 80% of the human population without causing harmful effects, although overgrowth of the fungus results in candidiasis (candidosis). Candidiasis is often observed in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV-infected patients. A common form of candidiasis restricted to the mucosal membranes in mouth or vagina is thrush, which is usually easily cured in people who are not immunocompromised. For example, higher prevalence of colonization of Candida albicans was reported in young individuals with tongue piercing, in comparison to non-tongue-pierced matched individuals. To infect host tissue, the usual unicellular yeast-like form of Candida albicans reacts to environmental cues and switches into an invasive, multicellular filamentous form, a phenomenon called dimorphism. Trichophyton mentagrophytes  is the most widespread among the  anthropophilic dermatophytes. Anthropophilic dermatophyte is found in association with humans. It  is the most common agent of Tinea on the feet, hands, nails, groin, and the glabrous skin, however, the scalp is rarely infected. Animals are very infrequently infected as well. (Ryan KJ, Ray CG,2004). The growth rate is slow to moderately rapid, the texture of colonies ranges from downy to powdery while the surface colony color is white to pale pink while reverse is usually wine red, however at times, the color ranges from red, brown, violet, yellow or even uncolored. Presence of  microconidia  is numerous to rare, club shaped to pyriform, may be found solitary along the hyphae or sometimes in clusters, and are unicellular; and Microconidia  are frequently absent; pencil to cigar shaped, and are multi septate. Resistance to imidazole antibiotics such as ketoconazole, fluconazole, or itraconazole is unfortunately developing in isolates of Candida species. Candida glabarata and Candida krusei, in particular, are intrinsically more resistant to this class of antifungal agent than is Candida albicans (Pfaller, 2002, 2003b). The in vitro susceptibility of three clinical Trichophyton mentagrophytes  isolates to griseofulvin and tioconazole, determined by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), was 2 and 0. 5 to 1. 0? g/ml, respectively. One mutant obtained after mutagenic treatment of one of these isolates was selected and showed simultaneous resistance to griseofulvin (MIC gt; 2000? g/ml) and tioconazole (MIC=1. 0? g/ml) (http://www. springerlink. com/content/q683722642467224/) Statement of the Problem This study determined the use and effectivity of Impatiens balsamina Linn. lower extract as a potential antifungal agent for Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes; therefore the following questions had been drawn: 1. What is the zone of inhibition of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. 2. Is there a significant difference in the zone of inhibition of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes using the flower extract of Impatiens balsamina Linn.. compared with the contr ol groups? 3. Is the Impatiens balsamina Linn. effective as antifungal agent for Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes? Hypothesis The following hypothesis was formulated for this study: There was no significant difference in the zone of inhibition of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes using the flower extract of Impatiens balsamina Linn. compared with the control group. Significance of the Study This study would benefit the following: Students. This study will benefit the students specially those who were studying Mycology which will help applying their knowledge into practical uses and developing critical thinking. Enabling them to be interested in medicinal plants. Future researchers. This study will provide additional information in conducting an experiment on Impatiens balsamina Linn.. It may serve as a background for their study. Community. This study will benefit the people that have skin infection. The uses and importance of Impatiens balsamina Linn.. will provide them alternative way in treating the infection. Scope and Limitation The study was limited to the determination of the effectivity of flower extract of Impatiens balsamina Linn. as antifungal agent for  Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Determination of antifungal property was limited to the quantitative sensitivity of the test organism to the extract in the antifungal bioassay performed using the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. The plates were incubated for eighteen to twenty four hours and observations were made within this length of time. Definition of Terms Impatiens balsamina Linn. It is an annual, erect, succulent, branched herb, 1 meter high or less. Flowers are axillary, showy, 2 to 3 centimeters long, usually pink, but forms with white, red, purple, or variegated petals are also found in cultivation. Candida albicans. A yeast-like fungal organism found in small amounts in the normal human intestinal tract. Normally kept in check by the bodys own helpful bacteria, Candida albicans can increase in numbers when this balance is disturbed to cause candidiasis of the intestinal tract, or yeast infections of other parts of the body. Candida albicans causes thrush. Also called Monilia albicans. Trichophyton mentagrophytes. It is a fungi which cause inflammatory skin or scalp lesions in humans, particularly in rural workers. It also causes athletes foot, ringworm, jock itch, and similar infections of the nail, beard, skin and scalp. Candidiasis. It is a primary or secondary mycotic infection caused by members of the genus  Candida. The clinical manifestations may be acute, subacute or chronic to episodic. Involvement may be localized to the mouth, throat, skin, scalp, vagina, fingers, nails, bronchi, lungs, or the gastrointestinal tract, or become systemic as in septicemia, endocarditis and meningitis. Antifungal Agents. It is a drug that selectively eliminates fungal pathogens from a host with minimal toxicity to the host. Millimeter. is a  unit  of  length  in the  metric system, equal to one thousandth of a  metre, which is the  SI  base unit  of length. Zone of Inhibition. The clear region is an indication of the  absence, or the effective  inhibition, of  microbial  growth  by the antimicrobial  agent. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter indicates the ideas relevant to the present study relating to the other studies and was briefly discussed to provide the foundation of the research investigation. In order to develop an alternative medications specifically for fungal infection, careful review of related literature and studies must be done for the development of the study. Koh Hwee Ling, Chua Tung Kian, Tan Chay Hoon. (2010) stated in their book that a lotion of fresh leaves was used to treat eczema, itches and insect bites. In Vietnam, decoctions of leaves are used to stimulate growth and to wash hair. The juice was also used for warts, cancer treatment and expectorant. A decoction of flowers was taken for infections, vomiting, urine retention and as a tonic, In india, flowers are regarded as cooling, tonic and used for lumbago and intercostals neuralgia, snakebite, improves circulation and relieves stasis. In Japan, juice squeezed from the white flower petals are applied on the skin to alleviate dermatitis. In China, the seeds are prescribed for difficult labour, puerpal pains, difficult menstruation, cough, hiccups and poisonings. The seeds are mixed with arsenious acid for removing teeth. In Malaysia, the seeds are taken for gastrointestinal tract cancer,and to dislodge fish or chicken bones in throat. Richard A. McPherson and Matthew R. Pincus 2009 stated in their book that Candida albicans is the most common pathogen in all the genus of Candida. Cutaneous disease is the most frequent infection caused by the Candida species, typically presenting as erythematous lesions of the skin, sometimes accompanied by a creamy, white exudates or scaling. Richard A. McPherson and Matthew R. Pincus 2009 stated in their book that for many years, few antifungal chemotherapeutic agents were available with Nystatin virtually the only agent effective against moist of systemic pathogens. Although this potent anti fungal agent was frequently toxic, resistance to therapy was rare. The recent introduction of new antifungal gents and the subsequent development of resistance among mould and yeast pathogens has added new impetus to the development and standardization of test for laboratory guidance of antifungal chemotherapy. Alex Villafania in September 2007 stated that A Study from the University of Southeastern Philippines in Davao City has found that a compound from garden balsam (Impatiens balsamina), otherwise known as kamantigue, can control a disease striking the durian. Durian is a major export product from southern Mindanao but is constantly being attacked by serious diseases by the fungi  Phytophthora palmivora. Durian is constantly attacked by stem canker, root rot, leaf blight, die-back of seedlings and mature trees and the rotting of fruits. The study, headed by USEP Professor Belly Dionio, said that production losses in the durian industry across Southeast Asia are estimated to be around 20 percent to 25 percent annually. Dionio focused on garden balsam as an alternative to the otherwise hazardous use of expensive synthetic fungicides. An extract from red and violet garden balsam showed that it is toxic to  P. almivora  and is as effective as the commercially available fungicide Fosetyl-al. Dionio’s research team found that by using the garden balsam extract, they were able to reduce lesions on durian plants as much as 86 percent when the extract was sprayed an hour before plants are introduced to the  P. palmivora  strain. Likewise, the plants show 78 percent reduction in lesions when these are sprayed with the garden balsam extract an hour after these are exposed to  P . palmivora. Defoliation (death of leaves) due to the fungus was also lower in durian plants sprayed with the extract. They also found out that the extract can remain effective even if it was stored in room temperature for 13 weeks, making it viable as a cheap and safe long-term preventive measure against durian diseases (http://blogs. inquirer. net/insidescience/2007/09/10/study-reveals-fungicidal-benefits-of-kamantigue-on-durian/) Richard Seah in 1990 stated in their article that Garlic is one food that has powerful anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties and some scientific studies have found it to be at least as effective as the popular anti-fungal drug, Nystatin, in destroying candida albicans. One important difference between taking drugs such as antibiotics and anti-fungals, and taking garlic, was that bacteria and fungi are not likely to develop a resistance to garlic. This was because garlic contains many different substances with anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, including allicin, alliin, alliinase and S-allylcysteine. To get the most of garlics ability to destroy bacteria and fungi like the candida yeast, it was best to take garlic raw (http://www. natural-cancer-cures. com/cures-for-candida. html). Lim, Jeffrey, Maamo, Marlo and Monte Grande, Claro 1993 stated in their article that the effectivity of Kampanyero (Thevetia peruviana) leaf extract as an inhibitory agent was tested on Candida albicans in vitro in extract concentration s of 100%, 75%, and 50%. In the serial dilution test, the result of five trials showed that the extract exerted significantly greater fungicidal activity in Candida albicans compared to 80 % ethanol as control. Meanwhile, results of the paper disc sensitivity test in five trials showed that there was no significant difference in the degree of effectivity among the three extract concentrations. After statistical treatment using Student’s Test, the Kampanyero leaf extract was found to posses inhibitory properties which was equally effective at a 50% concentration 75% and 100% concentration on Candida albicans in vitro. Richard Seah in 1990 stated in His article that the oil of  Oregano Vulgare,  a species of the oregano herb that is commonly used in Italian and Greek cooking, is also known to have powerful anti-fungal properties. Interestingly, Oregano is used in the Philippines primarily as a herbal medicine – for various common illnesses like coughs and the flu – rather than a herb for cooking. Oregano oil is normally sold as a pure oil. It is very potent. So all you need is a few drops mixed into a glass of water. Taking too much of oregano oil might cause irritation to the mucous membranes (http://www. natural-cancer-cures. com/cures-for-candida. html). According to Barros, Clarita T. (Ph. D. Sci. Ed. , March 2000) and Clara C. Sibolboro, Ph. D. The studily determine the antifungal activity of the crude leaf extract of three medicinal plants, namely Ocimum sanctum Linn (Bidai), Impatiens balsamina Linn (kamantigue), and Heliotropium indicum Linn (Penga-penga). The study utilize the experimental research method. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was the research design used. The two way ANOVA and Scheffe Test were the statistics used. Finding revealed that the ethanol extract Penga-penga, Kamantigue and Bidai were active to T. mentagrophytes and E. floccosum. The chloroform extract of kamantigue was active to C. albicans and T. metagrophytes while those of Penga-penga and Bidai were active to T. mentagrophytes. All the plant extract except the chloroform extract of kamantigue were inactive to C. lbicans due to the absence of zone of inhibition. The comparative study among Penga-penga crude extract, Penga-penga ointmentand Ketokonazole revealed that the three samples were equally active against T. mentagrophyte. Similarly, the Kamantigue crude extract and kamantigue ointment were comparable in effect, but Ketokonazole (control drug) was significantly different. On the nature of inhibitory response of the three samples, the inhibition wa s fungicidal for both Penga-penga and Kamantigue extracts. Charles W. Hagen Jr. In 1996 Stated in his article that Chromatographic analysis of stems, sepals and petals of inbred Impatiens balsamina of the red-flowered genotype llHHPrPr has revealed a characteristic assemblage of flavonoid pigments in each organ. The more conspicuous compounds have been identified or partially characterized. The stems possess 3-monoglucosides of kaempferol, quercetin, pelargonidin, cyanidin and, presumably, delphinidin. The variety of pigments is less in flower parts than in stems, and less in etals than in sepals, but the flower parts exhibit a greater elaboration of substituents on the aromatic nuclei. The paired petals of mature flowers are pigmented by p-coumaroyl and feruloyl esters of pelargonidin-3, 5-diglucoside supplemented by more highly substituted derivatives of pelargonidin and by large amounts of kaempferol as the aglycone and two glucosides. The distribution of pigments has significance in the biology of the plant as well as providing an approach to studi es of factors which control flower differentiation ( file:///E:/flavonoids. htm). Richard L. Mansell,  Joyce A. Seder in September 1971 stated in their article that Petals from stage 3 flower buds of the purple (LLhhPrPr) genotype of  Impatiens balsamina  were examined for O-methyltransferase activity. Acetone powders of the tissue gave active preparations which would methylate caffeic acid to ferulic acid in the presence of  S-adenosyl-l-methionin (  file:///E:/S0031942200971942. htm). Masoomeh Shams Ghahfarokhi, Masoud Goodarzi,  Mehdi Razzaghi Abyanehb,  Taghi Al-Tiraihi,  Gholamhosein Seyedipourd in December 2004 stated in their article that the antifungal activity of onion (Allium cepa  L. on two important dermatophytes,  Trichophyton rubrum   and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, with special reference to morphological aspects was studied. Growth of both fungi was found to be strongly inhibited by aqueous onion extract (AOE) as a dose-dependent manner. The extract showed fungicidal effect for both fungi at concentrations gt;3. 12% (v/v). The fungus  Trichophyton mentagro phytes  was more affected by the onion as compared to  Trichophyton rubrum  at all concentrations used. Morphological effects of onion exposure were examined in correlation with fungal growth. Corresponding to the growth inhibition, light and electron microscopy observations revealed morphological anomalies in hyphal compartments. The results demonstrated that AOE targets the cell membrane of the fungi as breaking down of both inner and outer membranes with consequent extrution of materials into the surrounding medium. Cytoplasmic membranes and other membranous structures of organelles, such as nuclei and mitochondria, were also disrupted. In correlation to the fungal growth, morphological alterations occurred to a less content for  Trichophyton rubrum  compared with  Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The hyphae of  Trichophyton rubrum  were found to be mainly affected by converting to resistant forms, i. e. , chlamidospores as a consequence of phenotype switching response to AOE. Plasmolysis accompanied by an almost complete depletion and disorganization of cytoplasmic structures were found to be the final event which led to cell death. Ultrastructural evidences obtained from this study strongly support that morphological changes of  Trichophyton rubrum and  Trichophyton mentagrophytes  caused by AOE are associated with its fungistatic and fungicidal activities. With respect to the morphological results and the preliminary data on fungal biochemistry, a mechanism of action by interacting of AOE with thiol (–SH) groups present in essential compartments of the fungal cells was postulated. (http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0367326X04001510) According to Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines)-Department of Science and Technology (2007)that the pathogen, Phytophthora palmivora Butler infects all parts of the durian tree in all stages of its development causing patch or stem canker, root rot, leaf blight, die-back of seedlings, and mature trees, and rotting of mature and immature fruits. Current disease management strategies involve the use of fungicides and proper cultural practices. However, due to high cost of fungicides and the risk to health and environment, there is a need to search for alternative method that is safe, effective and economical. Thus, Dionio et al. (USeP) conducted a 1-year study to determine the effectiveness of Kamantigue or garden balsam (Impatiens balsamina) in controlling the Phytophthora disease of durian. Findings of the study revealed the following: Extracts from mature seeds of red and violet Kamantigue had greater toxic activity than pink and white Kamantigue. Extracts prepared under sterile condition and stored earlier under ambient room condition (28 °C to 30  °C ) or in air-conditioned room (26  °C to 27 °C ) completely inhibited growth of P. palmivora in vitro up to 13 weeks of storage. The time of extract applicated affected the number of lesions induced by P. palmivora on 6-month-old durian seedlings of the Monthong variety. Spraying of extract 1 hour before and 1 hour after spray inoculation of P. palmivora reduced lesion number by 86% and 78%, respectively. Spraying of extract 24 hours before inoculation of P. almivora gave comparable result of 60% reduction in lesion number. Compared with seedlings inoculated with P. palmivora alone, seedlings which were also sprayed with the Kamantigue extract had significantly lower percentage defoliation. Seedlings sprayed with the extract 1 hour before inoculation had 13. 4% defoliation. Those sprayed 24 hours before inoculation had 12. 6% defoliation while those sprayed with extract o ne hour after inoculation had 12. 2% defoliation. Scraped canker lesions sprayed with 1:1 (wt/r) extract and the pure crude extract were generally dry 3 weeks after extract application. All treated lesions were dry up to the 4th week of application while untreated lesions remained wet. Results of the study showed that matured fruit/seed of red and violet Kamantigue or garden balsam can be used as protectant botanical fungicide for the control of Phytophthora leaf blight of durian. However, for patch canker treatment, the affected portion must be well scraped before application of the extract in order to get better results. The researchers recommended validation trials for both leaf blight and patch cankers treatments. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the extract to control major diseases of other crops should also be done. Information generated by the study is important in reducing production cost. Kamantigue is available all year round. Furthermore, the environmental and health hazards caused by synthetic pesticides can be reduced. (http://agris. fao. org/agrissearch/search/display. do? f=2009%2FPH%2FPH0901. xml%3BPH2008001319). According to Ma. Victoria M. dela Cruz, M. D. , Julius A. Lecciones, M. D. , Indira Gandhilenet. Jundam, M. D. Joann Gomez, M. D. , Vicente Dennis Dio, M. D. , Luz V. Samulde, M. D. on Pediatric division stated that The specie most frequently cultured from clinical specimens is Candida albicans- a member of the normal flora of the mucous membranes in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and female genital tracts which if in such locations they gain dominance, may also be associated with pathological condition. Sometimes, the condition may even severe enough to produce sys temic disease, especially if cell-mediated immunity is impaired. Although, antifungal drugs are currently in use, only a limited number is available, most have to seek alternative means of combating these diseases, which is evidently increasing in incidence and occurrence. Setiawati, Erna  stated in 2006 stated that candidiasis is infection which cause of Candida. Ketoconazole is an effective antifungal. Bougainvillea glabra Choicy. is an traditional drug to treatment of leucorrhea. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of 100% Bougainvillea glabra Choicy. versus 2% ketoconazole in tratment of vaginal candidiasis. Method: This study was done by a laboratory experimental. As samples were the result of (+)Candida albicans inoculations at SDA medias. These were made the solution equal to 0,5 Mc Farland. 0,1 cc of solution was cultivated on the SDA media supplemented with 100% Bougainvillea glabra Choicy. and 2% ketoconazole. Incubated at 370 C for 2 days and looked those growth. If grow yeast on SDA media thus the result is (+) Candida albicans, and if don’t grow yeast on SDA media thus the result is (-) Candida albicans. The difference proportion of growth was analyzed by chi-square test with degree of signifance of plt;0,05. Result: 30 medias of SDA which contained 100% Bougainvillea glabra Choicy. ,30 medias were found (+)/positive for growth Candida albicans. Meanwhile, 30 medias which contained 2% ketoconazole, 15 medias were found positive and 15 medias were found negative. The result of the chi-square test is significant ( p= 0,000 ). Conclusion: 100% Bougainvillea glabra Choicy. is uneffective in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans in kandidiasis vaginalis whereas 2% ketoconazole is effective. Key words: Vaginal candidiasis, Candida albicans, 100% Bougainvillea glabra choicy 2 % ketokonazole (file:///C://UJI/BANDING/EFEKTIVITA/BUGENFIL. ebarchive) According to A. Ownagh, R. Majdani, N. Yaghobzadeh, and Z. Nemati, spoilage and poisoning of foods by fungi is a major problem, especially in developing countries. Aspergillus is the most important fungi causing spoilage of foodstuffs. Candida albicans as a yeast is the most important problem in local and mucosal opportunistic infections. The effect s of growth inhibition of Thyme oil on Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigates were studied in vitro. The disc diffusion method was used to elevate the zone of fungal growth inhibiton. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) of the oil was used as a broth dilution method and minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oil was determined by agarsurface culture method and compared with each other. The formaline was used as a positive control and normal saline was used as negative control. Zone of inhibition of thyme on Aspergillus fumigates was 34mm and on Candida albicans was 35mm. Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of the oil on Aspergillus furmigatus was 7 lit/ml and Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of the oil on Candida albicans was 250 ? it/ml. The thyme oil was found to be strongly fungistatical agent against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, werestudies in vitro (file:///C:/AntifungaleffectsofThyme0oilon. Ownagh. RMajdani. webarchive). According to Rajeshkumar R,  Sundararaman M in 2001, The opportunistic yeast pathogen Candida albicans and the emerging non-albicans Candida spp. cause life-threatening infections in immuno-compromised pati ents, leading to an increase in mortality rate. At present, the emergence of non-albicans Candida spp. auses serious infections that are difficult to treat the human populations worldwide. The available, synthetic antifungal drugs show high toxicity to host tissues causing adverse effects. Many metabolites of terrestrial and marine plants, microbes, algae, etc. , contain a rich source of unexplored novel leads of different types, which are under use to treat various diseases. Such natural drugs are less expensive and have lower toxicity to host tissues. The patent search on identified and potential anticandidal-lead molecules, from various patent databases, has been described in this review. Furthermore, this article consolidates the trends in the development of anticandidal drug discovery worldwide. Most of the investigations on natural, bioactive molecules against candidiasis are in various phases of clinical trials, of which, two drugs Caspofungin acetate and Micafungin sodium were approved by the U. S. FDA. In conclusion, the exploration of drugs from natural resources serves as a better alternative source in anticandidal therapeutics, having great scope for drug discovery in the future. file:///C://EmergenceofCandidaspp. andexplorationofnatural.. 5BMycoses2011PubMed-NCBI. webarchive) According to Dong Gun Lee,  Song Yub Shin,  Dae-Hee Kim,  Moo Yeol Seo,  Joo Hyun Kang,  Younghoon Lee,  Kil Lyong Kim  and  Kyung-Soo Hahm the antifungal mechanism of a 20-mer peptide, Ib-AMP1, derived from  Impatiens balsamina  was investigated. The oxidized (disulfide bridged) Ib-AMP1 showed a 4-fold increase in antifungal activity against  Aspergillus flavus  and  Candida albicans  than reduced (non-disulfide bridged) Ib-AMP1. Ib-AMP1 had very low activity for phospholipid disruption when compared with cecropin A(1-8)-magainin 2(1-12), ? -helical amphiphatic, antimicrobial peptide. Confocal microscopy showed that Ib-AMP1 binds on cell surface or penetrates into cell membranes. These results suggested that Ib-AMP1 may manifest its antifungal activity against  Candida albicans  by inhibiting a distinct cellular process rather than ion channel or pore formation in cell membrane. Antifungal mechanism  Ã‚  Ã‚  Candida albicans  Ã‚  Ã‚  confocal microscopy  Ã‚  Ib-AMP1 (http://www. springerlink. om/content/v1503k6062649346/) Justification Of The Study The above study shows that the following plants specifically Garlic, Oregano, Kampanyero, Penga-penga and others are used as alternative medicine for fungal infection in humans. Other study reveals that Impatiens balsamina Linn. was used as a fungicide for the prevention of fungal growth in fruit such as Durian. The present study wanted to prove that Impa tiens balsamina Linn. can inhibit the growth of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Not only fungal growth in plants but also fungal infection in humans. This will determine the effectivity of the flower extract of Impatiens balsamina Linn. as potential antifungal agent. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Research Design The study Impatiens balsamina Linn. Flower Extract: A Potential Antifungal Agent for Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was an experimental research design. The research design used was Quantitative Analysis that examined the antifungal properties of Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract that attempts to prove the Effectivity of Impatiens balsamina Linn. In inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Test Organism The Culture Organism which was Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were gathered from the Department Of Science and Technology in Bicutan, Taguig City. Gathering Of Data The researchers applied their knowledge in the preparation of the media that was used in the experimental procedure and in performing the inoculation of the test organism which was Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Other procedures like flower extraction was done with the help of Medical Technology in Unciano Colleges Inc. -Antipolo Collection Of Data The experiment was divided into three groups, the positive control group was Nystatin, an antibiotic which was commonly used for fungal infection; the negative control group was 80% ethyl alcohol while the experimental group contains Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract. The zones of inhibition of both control groups and the experimental group were compared then analyzed. The zone of inhibition was measured by the use of vernier caliper. The unit of measurement was reported in millimeter. Collection Of The Plant Sample The plant sample was collected in Barangay Caniogan, Morong Rizal. Only the red flowers of Impatiens balsamina Linn. was used in this study. Preparation Of The Plant Sample: The researchers collected fresh and mature flowers of the plant sample, then removed any extraneous matter by washing the flower petals with running water, then the flower petals were wiped with a dry and clean cloth, and followed by reducing the size of the flower petals through cutting and then autoclaved at 121 ° C for 15 minutes. Extraction Procedure: The researchers weighed about 100g of the ground plant material, placed in an Erlenmeyer flask, soaked in sufficient amount of 80% ethyl alcohol and stand for 24 to 48 hours. The volume of alcohol used was noted, and the mixture was filtered through a funnel with gentle suction, then the plant material with fresh portions of alcohol was rinsed by the flask and then the first filtrate was combined with the plant residue being discarded. The flower extract is placed in an evaporating dish on top of the casserole with boiling water to become more concentrated, until the scent of the alcohol was lessened. Then the flower extract was stored in a tightly stopped amber bottle and stored, preferably in cold condition, or if kept at room temperature, treat the extract with a trace of chloroform or toluene. Standard Ingredients In Sabouraud Dextrose Agar Water. The dried powdered ingredients are added to water. A typical batch uses 1 liter (1000 ml) of water although any amount can be made. Tap water was used unless a more defined formulation was required. Tap water usually contains minerals that are beneficial for fungal growth. If local tap water has high concentrations of undesirable minerals, deionized water should be sed. Dextrose. The carbon source in Saboraud Dextrose was dextrose (glucose), usually provided at a concentration of 40 to 70 grams per liter. This was notably more sugar than was included in most media. Saboraud Dextrose also has a low (acidic) pH. Both of these properties tend to facilitate the isolation of fungi, which are generally more tolerant of these conditions tha n bacteria. The high sugar concentration results in a high osmotic pressure, which tends to inhibit the growth of bacteria more than it does to fungi. Agar. Agar is a gelling agent, extracted from certain seaweeds and provided in powdered form. When mixed with water and heated, it cools to form a semi-solid gel that must be poured into a test tubes or Petri dishes before it cools. The agar concentration in Saboraud Dextrose can be from 10 to 25 grams per liter, with more agar producing a stiffer gel. Peptone. All organisms need nitrogen to grow. Organic nitrogen is provided by peptone or neopeptone at about 10 grams per liter. Peptone contains amino acids and other organic molecules obtained by the enzymatic digestion of animal proteins. Yeast extract is sometimes substituted for peptone. Preparing  Sabouraud Dextrose Agar The premix Sabouraud Dextrose Agarwas used, the proper amount of agar was around 65 grams and was mixed with one liter of water in an Erlenmeyer Flask and heated in the stove until the agar dissolved. The medium was then autoclaved or sterilized at 121? C for about 15 to 20 minutes. And was cooled, after cooling the medium was poured into sterile Petri plate and allow it to solidify. When the medium was solidified and cooled to room temperature it was ready for inoculation. Preparation of Peptone Water Dissolve a proper amount of 15g of the medium in 1 liter of distilled water. Mix thoroughly until it dissolves and become clear. Autoclave at 121? C for 15 minutes. Then stand it at room temperature until it becomes tolerable. Preparation of Broth Pour a sufficient amount of peptone water on two test tubes, the first tube was for Candida albicans and the second tube was for Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Let the prepared peptone water cooled at room temperature until it becomes tolerable. Using a wire loop get the organism and mix it with the peptone water in both test tube, observe until it becomes hazy but still visible to its background. More over when you put the test tube over a news paper the letters must still be visible. Then it was ready for inoculation. Preparation of Antibiotic Disc Make a filter paper disc using a punching machine. Autoclave the filter paper disc at 121 ° Celcius for 30 mins. Then soaked it in a sufficient amount of Nystatin. Inoculation The sterile petri plates containing solidified Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium were used as a media in performing inoculation of the organism using sterile cotton swab. The entire surface of the agar were streaked evenly in all directions. And the plates were incubated at 37? C for 24 hours for the yeast and 27? C for the moulds. Disc Diffusion Method For Antifungal Activity Whatmann no. 1 filter paper were used to cut 7mm sized paper disc by a punching machine. This disc were sterilized at 121? C for 30 minutes at 15 lbs. At the centre of the petriplate a disc were positioned and 20 µl of each essential extract were soaked on the disc. Then fungal broth were streaked one by one over the agar plate radially. The petriplates were incubated at 37? C for 24hours. The zone of inhibition were measured after 24 hours incubation. Then the diameter of the zone of inhibition were observed and recorded. The following interpretative range of standard zone was adopted from Ontengco (2000). Zone of Inhibition| Inhibitory activity| ?17mm| +++, strong| 15-16mm| ++, moderate| 7-12mm| +, weak| 6 or 0mm| -, negative| Statistical Analysis The following statistical was utilized in this research. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a technique for analyzing the way in which the mean of a variable was affected by different types and combinations of factors. One way analysis of variable is the simplest form. It is used to compare the means of more than two independent groups. It was an extension of the independent sample t-test and can be used to compare any number of groups or treatments. Analysis of variance gives a single overall test of whether there are differences between groups or treatments. The Duncan’s Multiple- Range Test (DMRT) was based on the comparison of the range of a subset of the sample means with a calculated least significant range. This least significant range increases with the number of sample means in the subset. If the range of the subset exceeds the least significant range. Then the population means can be considered significantly different. Once a range was found not to be significant, no further subsets of this group are tested. The Duncan’s Multiple- Range Test was used to determine which of the population means are equal and which are significantly different. The Duncan’s Multiple-Range Test was utilized to determine which of the compared groups was significantly different. The Duncan’s Multiple-Range Test was utilized if the One-way ANOVA shows a significant difference in the population means (Adrian, 2010) CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1. The total and the mean of the zones of inhibition of Nystatin (Positive Control), Impatiens balsamina Linn. Experimental) and 80% Ethanol (Negative control) against Candida albicans in Trials 1,2,3. Trial| Nystatin(Positive) | Impatiens balsamina Linn. (Experimental) | 80% Ethanol(Negative)| Trial 1| 9| 0| 8. 5| Trial 2| 11| 11| 8| Trial 3| 11| 8| 9| Total| 31| 19| 25. 5| Mean| 10. 3333| 6. 3333| 8. 5| Note: Unit is in millimetres (mm. ) Table 1 show s the zone of inhibition on Candida albicans of the experimental group (Impatiens balsaminna Linn.. flower extract) as well as the positive (Nystatin) and negative (80% Ethanol) controls in all of the three trials were shown as well as their sums and means that were calculated. On the first trial, Nystatin (Positive control) had 9 mm zone of inhibition and the 80% Ethanol (Negative Control) had 8. 5mm zone of inhibition. On the other hand, the Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract (Experimental) was unsusceptible since it had no zone of inhibition. For the second trial, Nystatin (Positive control) had 11 mm zone of inhibition and the 80% Ethanol (Negative Control) had 8 mm zone of inhibition. The Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract (Experimental) had 11 mm zone of inhibition. Lastly, for the third trial, Nystatin (Positive control) had 11 mm zone of inhibition and the 80% Ethanol (Negative Control) had 9 mm zone of inhibition. The Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract (Experimental) had 8 mm zone of inhibition. The total zone of inhibition of the positive control (Nystatin) on three trials was 31 mm and their mean was 10. 3333mm. On the other hand, the sum and mean of the zone of inhibition of experimental group (Impatiens balsamina Linn. ) on the three trials was 19 mm and 6. 3333 mm respectively. Lastly, the total zone of inhibition of the negative control (80% Ethanol) was 25. mm and the mean was 8. 5 mm. Table 2. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) decision table Sum of`DfMeanF Sig. SquaresSquare Between Groups24. 056212. 0281. 064. 402 Within Groups67. 833611. 306 Total 91. 8898 Table 2 shows the results of the one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) computations which includes the sum of squares between groups and within groups which was 24. 056 an d 67. 833 respectively. The Degrees of Freedom (df) are 2 and 6 and the mean square are 12. 028 and 11. 306. The tabular value of F as shown in Table 5 was 1. 064 and with 95% Confidence interval, the value of significance from the experiment was . 02. Since the accepted value of significance for 95% Confidence interval must be less than or equal to 0. 05 and the value of significance calculated from the experimental data does not fall within the reference range, it was concluded that there was no significant difference between the zone of inhibition of the experimental group (Impatiens balsamina Linn. ) and the positive (Nystatin) and negative (80% Ethanol) group against Candida albicans. Therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted. Table 3. The total and the mean of the zones of inhibition of Nystatin (Positive Control), Impatiens balsamina Linn. Experimental) and 80% Ethanol (Negative control) against Trichophython mentagrophytes in Trials 1,2,3. | Nystatin(Positive) | Impatiens balsamina Linn. (Experimental) | 80% Ethanol(Negative)| Trial 1| 11| 8| 10| Trial 2| 12| 11| 10| Trial 3| 13| 12| 11| Total| 36 | 31| 31| Mean| 12| 10. 3333| 10. 3333| NOTE: Unit is in millimetres (mm. ) Table 3 shows the zone of inhibition on Trichophyton mentagrophytes of the experimental group (Impatiens balsamina Linn.. flower extract) as well as the positive (Nystatin) and negative (80% Ethanol) controls in all of the three trials were shown as well as their sums and means that were calculated. Based on the data gathered in Trial 1, the Nystatin (Positive control) had 11 mm zone of inhibition and the 80% Ethanol (Negative Control) had 10 mm zone of inhibition. On the other hand, the Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract (Experimental) had 8 mm zone of inhibition. For the second trial, Nystatin (Positive control) had 13 mm zone of inhibition and the 80% Ethanol (Negative Control) had 11 mm zone of inhibition. The Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract (Experimental) had 12 mm zone of inhibition.

Corporate Social Responsebility Self Regulations Forms

Question: Describe about the Corporate Social Responsebility for Self Regulations Forms. Answer: Introduction: The concept of corporate social responsibility is one of the many forms of self-regulations of a corporate and forms an integral part of the business. The policy mainly functions as being the mechanism of the business wherein it monitors and makes sure that it actively complies with the various laws, rules and regulations that have been laid for the environment in which the business functions. It is governed by the ethical standards and national and international norms. With many of the models being present, the implementation of the corporate social responsibility goes way beyond the compliance and engages itself into the various actions that the company must indulge into so that something good comes and which is way beyond the interests of the firm and which has been required by the court of law. The main idea is to increase the profits of the company and maintain them in the longer term and also increase the trust of the various shareholders through the maintenance of positive pub lic relations. And also the achievement of the highest ethical standards for the purposes of reducing the risk pertaining to the business and the legal factors and this takes place with the help of management that takes the responsibility of the actions of the corporate. The various different strategies of the company somewhat makes a positive impact on the environment and also on to the stakeholders that invest their time and money in the business and the various stakeholders includes the consumers, employees, investors, communities and many of the others. Corporate social responsibility: Many are of the opinion that the increase in the profits of the company that are long term in nature could be achieved with the help of the corporate social responsibility when the critics are of the opinion that this concept diverts the minds of the business leaders from the economic role that the company plays in the business environment. There was a study that was undertaken during the year 2000 wherein a comparison took place between the econometric studies of the relationship between the social and the financial performance of the company. This concluded many of the contradictory results that were the results of the many of the previous studies and this reported the positive, negative and the neutral impact of the financial on the business. They were allowed to be flawed by the empirical analysis and also stated that the study had adequately specified that the concept of corporate social responsibility had indeed a neutral impact on the financial outcomes of the business (wood, 1991). Many also questioned the lofty and the unrealistic expectations in the concept of the corporate social responsibility or that the concept was a mere window dressing. Further, it was also stated that it was an attempt wherein the government could act as a watchdog over the powerful multinational corporations. There were many of the political sociologists that were very much interested in this concept when it came to the context of the theories of globalisation, neoliberalism and capitalism. Then there were many of the sociologists that viewed this concept as being the form of the legitimacy in capitalism and also referred to it as the social movement that uninhibited the corporate power that was transformed by the corporations into the model of the business and also ensured the risk management device that raised many of the results that were questionable in nature (Williams, 2001). This concept aided many of the missions of an organisation and also served as a guide to the company as to what the same meant to its customers. The business ethics were the part of the applied ethics that examined the ethical principles and also the moral and the ethical issues that arose in the business environment. The ISO 26000 was considered to be an international standard for the corporate social responsibility. There have been many of the public sector organisations that complied with the various different principles of the triple bottom line and was also, with many of the similar principles that had no formal act of the legislation (wiley, 2016). Need for corporate social responsibility: The following are the main reasons as to why we need the corporate social responsibility: Improves the image of the company in the eyes of the public: the companies helps in the demonstration of the various causes that are perceived to be more philanthropic rather than the companies that had the corporate social responsibility to be non-existent. The public image of the company is at the public and that was the way how the customers were aware of these programs taking place. The customer felt good when the company that they had invested their money in was doing something good for the community. This helped the company in cleaning up its image. When the company makes the public aware of its various initiatives, then the company increases its chances of being favourable in the eyes of the public (Modern Ghana, 2016). Helps in the media headlines: it is no use as to how much money the company has been investing in the initiatives towards the corporate social responsibility. But it is more important to know the way of forming the various relationships with the local media and how they are more likely to cover and represent the story to the public. The amount of the efforts that the company puts in towards the achievement of the corporate social responsibility in the local communities, the better it is for the company since the better it is for the media coverage. Whereas, in case, the company does some negative things and the media picks up the same and reports the same to the investor, then that would bring negative light to the company. Also, this news would spread faster than the positive news. The media visibility is useful when it shed the positive light on to the organisation (Grazier et al, 2016). Helps in the boosting of the employee engagement: the employees are working for the company that has a good public image and this is in the media for many of the positive reasons. When the employees are happy, they tend to give out positive output. A study has shown that about 60% of the employees that are proud about the corporate social responsibility of their company are working there. When the companies show that they are continuously working towards the improvement of their respective communities by the way of giving them programs like matching the gifts, then the company is inclined in attracting investors and also keep the, hardworking and engaged employees. On the other hand, if the corporate is philanthropically minded, then the individuals that are hunting their jobs would apply and interviews would be available for the various positions. As and when they are hired, they stay with the company for long and are far more productive on the daily basis and serve as a role model for the others. Attracts and retains investors: the people or the investors are investing their hard earned money on the company and is helping them to earn profits and so, they actually would want to know the way in which their funds are being used. But this does in no way means that the company is not taking its responsibility seriously and not conducting its business activities in the best manner possible and the budgets but also means that they very much concerned about the CSR. When the companies donate money to the non-profit business organisation, then in one way or the other, they are encouraging the employees to invest their scarce hours and also demonstrate to the investors that they do not care about the profits. They show that they have interest in the well-being of the local and the global community. The investors are very much likely to be attracted and support the companies that care about the society and that shows commitment to the society and not only to the employees and the custo mers (Management study guide, 2016). With the help of achieving the concept of CSR, the firms have a better chance of converting the resistances into resources. They have the ability of turning the innovation into the social problems, and with this, many of the resistances could be transformed into the resources and also into the functional capacity of the various resources that could be increased with time (Forbes, 2016). A company that is engaged in the fulfilment of the corporate social responsibility goals would remain free and away from the regulations an controls of the business sin the terms of money and energy and would also restrict its flexibility of decision making. When the company fails to comply with its social corporate responsibility, then it would only attract government intervention and penalties. And the government would then try to regulate and control their activities. Any business man would never want that. Social corporate responsibility is all about the consume protection. It achieves the protection of the local and the government environment. It helps in avoiding the bribery and corruption. It helps in the promotion of the labour standards of the companies and their business partners (Legal services India, 2016). It leads to improvement in the working conditions of the workers and in the reduced environmental impacts along with an increase in the involvement of the decision making and this causes an increase in the productivity and also in a defective rate in the company. The businesses are always linked with the positive financial performances. An improved financial results would help in achieving an efficient and healthy competitive environment and lead to a competitive advantage that could be achieved by the way of building a better reputation of the company. This further helps in an improved employee recruitment and motivation in an increased secure environment to operate in (Simply CSR, 2016). An increased number of people are saying that the research of the corporate social responsibility would help in the experience of the range of the bottom line benefits which leads to increased sales and share in the market of the company. It further leads to a strengthened brand positioning, an enhanced corporate image and clout (Rangan et al, 2012). Wesfarmers CSR: The company whose corporate social responsibility has been undertaken for review is Wesfarmers. The company recently published its 18th annual sustainability report and also had published its report online. This is the report that has been prepared as per the principles and the various initiatives undertaken by the Global Reporting Initiative. The audit firm Ernst Young (EY) has assured that all the contents of the report are true and fair to their knowledge. London benchmarking is the global standard that helps in measuring and benchmarking the corporate community investments (Wesfarmers, 2016). The company is actively engaged in the management of the impact on the community and the environment. The principles stated thereunder are related with the issues pertaining to sustainability and have been identified as being the most material to the group. Each one of the various divisions apply these principles in the business and also take into account all the circumstances related with the operating environment and is also encouraged to set down its own internet targets. The following are the 10 community and the environmental impact principles that the company has undertaken: People: the main focus is on the relentless focus on the providing of the safe place to work. Further, the company provides employment opportunities to the people and also help them in enhancing their performances and develop their careers. The company provides good working conditions and pays attention to diversity and includes all the people from Australia and Torres Strait Islander. Sourcing: the company is very strongly committed and respects its various relationships with its suppliers. Further, the company sources its products and is responsible while working with the various suppliers and this helps it in improving the social and the environmental practices. Community: the company has been making some serous and positive contributions towards the community in which it has been operating. The company also provides its customers with the safe products and ensures that it caters to the different needs of the community. Environment: the company reduces the intensity of the various emissions involved in the business and also helps in improving their resilience to the changes that takes place in the climate. The company strives to reduce the waster of the non-renewable sources of energy. This is in the sense that it intensifies the business and contributes towards reducing the waster to landfill and the use of the water wherever and whenever possible. Governance: the company ensures the maintenance of the robust policies of the corporate governance and incorporates the various features of corporate government in its businesses. The company is very conscious about its responsibility towards the environment and undertakes various measures so that there is minimum impact on it (Wesfarmers, 2016). Conclusion: Keeping in mind the enormous pressure that revolves in and around the corporate social reasonability, without considering the accounting as discipline, the main question is not whether the corporations engage in this concept but the best way through which the initiatives could be achieved and craft the programs of the corporate social responsibility since it reflects the business values of the company on one hand and addresses social, humanitarian and environmental challenges on the other. There are many drivers in the company and there are many of the different motivation levels that underlie these initiatives. There are many of the issues and problems that would lend themselves to this but then there are many of the elements that would not. The main call is to call for discipline and structure the fragmented components. These are the components that would support the main strategy and in many of the other ways that would appear to be adjacent and discretionary (Front stream, 2016). The main issue with the practice of the CSR is that companies do have a strategy and they just invest in the activities of corporate social responsibility just because they are duty bound to. Each and every corporation must have a strategy that must be followed at all times so that company is able to deliver its maximum towards achieving that concept. The main idea behind the strategy of corporate social responsibility it not to equate the complete absorption into the business processes. But there must be a corporate strategy that has to be consistent followed by the company towards improving the society. There must be an adequate evaluation and classification of the various different practices of CSR that provides a framework for the division of the comprehensive strategy of the CSR and that integrates all its efforts. All this depends upon the various origins of the initiative undertaken by the company towards CSR and also defined the purposes of social and environmental individu al organisation (Borgen project, 2016). References: Bell, L. (2016).The Benefits of CSR | Simply CSR. [online] Simplycsr.co.uk. Available at: https://www.simplycsr.co.uk/the-benefits-of-csr.html [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Forbes.com. (2016).Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?/sites/csr/2012/02/21/six-reasons-companies-should-embrace-csr/toURL=https://www.forbes.com/sites/csr/2012/02/21/six-reasons-companies-should-embrace-csr/refURL=https://www.google.co.in/referrer=https://www.google.co.in/ [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. FrontStream. (2013).Why Corporate Social Responsibility is So Important - FrontStream. [online] Available at: https://www.frontstream.com/why-corporate-social-responsibility-is-so-important/ [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Grazier, S., Charles, A., Hensley, L. and Maw, L. (2016).12 Reasons Why Corporate Social Responsibility is Important. [online] Double the Donation. Available at: https://doublethedonation.com/why-corporate-social-responsibility-is-important/ [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Iiste.org. (2016).Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting. [online] Available at: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/ISEA/index [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Jstor.org. (2016).Corporate Social Performance Revisited on JSTOR. [online] Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/258977 [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Legalservicesindia.com. (2016).Need For Corporate Social Responsibility. [online] Available at: https://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/need-for-corporate-social-responsibility-1991-1.html [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. Managementstudyguide.com. (2016).Corporate Social Responsibility - Meaning, Need and its Evolution. [online] Available at: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/corporate-social-responsibility.htm [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. McWilliams, A. and Siegel, D. (2000). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: correlation or misspecification?.Strategic Management Journal, [online] 21(5), pp.603-609. Available at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200005)21:5%3C603::AID-SMJ101%3E3.0.CO;2-3/abstract [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. McWilliams, A. and Siegel, D. (2001). CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: A THEORY OF THE FIRM PERSPECTIVE.Academy of Management Review, 26(1), pp.117-127. Modern Ghana. (2016).The Need For Corporate Social Responsibility. [online] Available at: https://www.modernghana.com/news/254784/1/the-need-for-corporate-social-responsibility.html [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. The Borgen Project. (2013).5 Reasons Why Social Responsibility Matters in Business. [online] Available at: https://borgenproject.org/5-reasons-why-social-responsibility-matters-in-business/ [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016]. www.hbs.edu. (2016).Why Every Company Needs a CSR Strategy and How to Build It. [online] Available at: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/12-088.pdf [Accessed 19 Sep. 2016].