Freedom Is Our Birthright

In 1890’s many Indian leaders began to explore more radical objectives and methods of Nationalism. This was the Extremist phase of Indian Nationalism. The extremist leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bepin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai criticized the Moderates for their politics of prayers and emphasized the importance of self-reliance and constructive work. They asked people to rely on their own strength and fight for Swaraj. Viceroy Curzon partitioned Bengal in 1905 for administrative convenience. But whose convenience? Surely the convenience of the British related to the interest of British officials and businessmen. Perhaps the main motive behind partitioning Bengal was to curtail the influence of Bengali politicians and to split Bengali people. This partition infuriated people all over India and everyone opposed it. Public meetings and demonstrations were held. The struggle that unfolded came to be known as the Swadeshi movement. This movement opposed British rule and encouraged the ideas of self-help, swadeshi enterprise national education and use of Indian languages. ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE: The All India Muslim League was formed at Dacca in 1906 by a group of Muslim landlords and nawabs. The League supported the partition of Bengal and desired separate electorates for Muslims. In the year 1916, the Muslim League united with Congress and signed a pact known as the Lucknow Pact and decided to work together for representative government in the government. ADVENT OF MAHATMA GANDHI: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born at Porbandar, Gujarat in the year 1869. He was an advocate by profession and practiced law at South Africa. He returned to India in 1915 and emerged as a mass leader. He was a respectable leader as he led Indians in South Africa in non-violent marches against racist restrictions. After his return to India he spent his first year travelling throughout the country, understanding the people, their needs and the overall situation. In 1919, Mahatma Gandhi gave a call for satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act( an Act which curbed the freedom of expression of the Indian people and strengthened police powers). He asked the Indian people to observe 6th April 1919 as a day of non-violent opposition to this Act, as a day of humiliation and prayer and strike. The Rowlatt Satyagraha turned out to be the first all-India struggle against the British government.

British Literature of Victorian Era

Industrialism during the Victorian Period serves as the new beginning of the age. From a conservative era, industrialism played a significant role to the modernity and liberty of the period from the past civilizations; this transformation does not only affect the social, economic, and political aspects of the period but also its literature. Many writers, authors, and poets emerged during the industrialism that brought new light and path to the beginning and renovation of Victorian Period.Industrialism affects the Victorian Poetry as well as the novels of the era. Through poetry, the poets are capable in describing the lives and situations of the people in longer verses. Within the concept of Romantic poetry, industrialism develops a deeper perspective as it contains social change. Therefore, it can be said that industrialism opens the door of power and alteration to the traditional construction of literature specifically the Victorian Poetry. Matthew Armold is one of the most popular poets during the Victorian Period.His works described the transformation of European lifestyle from Romanticism to Industrialism. However, the concept of industrialism in Arnold’s poetry can be seen within the context of romantic drama. Some of these are â€Å"The Buried Life†, â€Å"Dover Beach†, and â€Å"The Scholar Gypsy. † Arnold’s â€Å"The Buried Life† is about the situations of the whole society. The narrator of the poem discusses the difference between men and women’s identity during the period where women are already part of the society.Women have better opportunities and status through the existence of different laws and policies imposed by the system. â€Å"I knew the mass of men conceal'd / Their thoughts, for fear that if reveal'd / They would by other men be met / With blank indifference, or with blame reproved; / I knew they lived and moved / Trick'd in disguises, alien to the rest / Of men, and alien to themselvesâ €“and yet / The same heart beats in every human breast! (Arnold, 16-23)† the poem describes hope for new beginning.The emotions within the poem show happiness with sort of questioning the new trend of the society. The construction of the poem is in the context of Romanticism but as the reader understands the point of the narrator, it will be seen that the poem symbolizes change that opens various transition from the conservative formation of the society to the liberal context. The basic example is the concept of ‘breast’ that shows different meanings and essence.Throughout the poem – whether a part of woman’s body, a depiction of femininity, womanhood, or motherhood, and also a descriptive word to described the transformation of woman’s status into the society. On the other way around, the â€Å"Dover Beach† described the flow of social change – like the sea, there is no assurance where it goes but it will take the calmness o f life while enduring the pain of thunderstorms and winds. The narrator shows the religious side of the poem where there is a concept of faith and destiny.The attack of the author within his poem is simple but spontaneous to the acquisition of knowledge from the environment and religion. â€Å"So various, so beautiful, so new, / Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, / Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain; / And we are here as on a darkling plain / Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, / Where ignorant armies clash by night (Arnold, 32-37). † It also shows how religion transformed in a significant basis where it has its own way of defining the word ‘faith;’ through the discussion of radical journey of the narrator and his society.In the poem, the narrator discusses how happy he is to obtain new form of living. Though it is different from the common good, it gives new light to conquer the upcoming circumstances of life. Like â€Å"The B uried Life,† the â€Å"Dover Beach† is also constructed in romantic idea where there is love, happiness, and traditional style of passion but Arnold created the poem not to discuss its romantic essence because he wants to convey the impact of industrialism to the whole society of Victorian Period.The point of view of the poem is based on the concept of transition from one angle to another and also the emotions of the public towards it. The â€Å"Scholar Gypsy,† is about the new age of ideas and knowledge of the Victorian Peiord. The narrator discusses the new way of acquiring learning from the new formed society. Because industrialism demonstrates several changes like the English class structure, the poem discusses the manifestations of these changes to the academic institutions and the system as a whole.The poem literally described the life of a man who lived in a country side. In the beginning, his life is the usual depiction of human life – happy and co ntented in his simple being. However, he could not accept the social transformation that emerged in his environment and led him to escape from modernity to hide from the corners of the forest and live alone. He is not prepared with the transition that is why he could not learn the new idea of alteration from conservative to liberal society. â€Å"And then they land, and thou art seen no more./ Maidens who from the distant hamlets come / To dance around the Fyfield elm in May, / Oft through the darkening fields have seen thee roam, / Or cross a stile into the public way (Arnold, 80-85). † The poem discusses the new life of Victorian period in general. It shows how women work, how men live, how the system evolves, and how the society changed. This is a general viewing of the whole renovation where there are new policies and laws that will protect both men and women. Women could dance for joy while men became busier with their lives and careers.As a conclusion, the three poems h ave different attacks and perspectives on the issue of industrialism during the Victorian Period. Matthew Arnold described the different angles on how men and women of the society accepted the new lifestyle of the era. Some became happy but some also disappeared because of this renovation. In the beginning of industrialism, the Victorian Period made a success because of the different changes happened and nurtured the whole society but as it went through its end, these changes benefited some but not everyone in this period.The three poems showed how the industrialism affects the people or the whole nation. Through these verses, we could be able to understand what the people had experienced during those times. Works Cited Arnold, Matthew. â€Å"Scholar-Gipsy. † Bartleby. com 17 November 2008. http://www. bartleby. com/101/751. html Arnold, Matthew. â€Å"Dover Beach. † 17 November 2008. http://www. victorianweb. org/authors/arnold/writings/doverbeach. html Arnold, Matthe w. â€Å"The Buried Life. † 17 November 2008. http://www. victorianweb. org/authors/arnold/writings/buriedlife. html

Goverment politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Goverment politics - Essay Example Since the concept was relatively new, it required quite a hefty effort to convince the states to join the union, most especially that it was realized that factionalism can have a pivotal, destructive effect in breaking apart a republic – which was an unavoidable fear since the consolidation of thirteen new states appeared too ambitious and too good to even last. An advantage of the ratification of a U.S. Constitution lies in its power to effectively manage the typically adverse effects of factions. Factions, according to James Madison in Federalist No. 10, are individuals congregated by common socio-political and/or socio-economic interests. It should be noted that, whether these factions comprise the majority or the minority of the populace or whether factions are actively against each other, is gravely immaterial. Like horses running a race with blinders, these factions become exceedingly passionate in the pursuit of their vested interests that they often overlook public interests. As a result, factions, primarily because of its narrow-minded mechanisms, become disruptive to the public good. There are two typical responses to the adverse effects of faction. The first requires the annihilation of liberty that allows the actual formation and establishment of these factions. Here, the very freedom that allows the propagation of a healthy and diverse political culture is oppressed. In modern history, this is conceptually similar to the installation of a Philippine martial law regime in the 70s to prevent further dissension to the Marcos rule. In this example, the annihilation of liberty was executed through harsh policies like curfew, limited press and the abolition of the Senate. The second response, on the other hand, requires the imposition of beliefs, attitudes and opinions to those who are being governed. While this does not exercise a corporal suppression, similar to the previous example, it takes on a different form – an ideological

Scholarly Journal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scholarly Journal Analysis - Essay Example Moreover, various primary and secondary data sources were utilized to evaluate and establish any potential link between the legalization of marijuana and the subsequent exhibited use, potential abuse and apparent dependence. The findings indicated that there is an evident relationship between higher use and tendencies for marijuana abuse and dependence on states that legalized marijuana for medicina purposes, as compared to the states that did not. An evaluation of the information, methods, analysis, and discussion of results in the article reveals that the authors used the appropriate structure, language, as well as presentation style to effectively validate their contentions. The use of major headings and sub-headings clearly delineated main topics of discussion. Moreover, the authors’ ability to select the most appropriate method perfectly match the conceptual framework which validated the results. In addition, the language used was straightforward and comprehensible which assisted readers from diverse educational backgrounds to grasp the intended messages. As noted, the sources of data were explicitly identified and effectively structured. It was commendable that the findings were presented in a clear and consistent format where the entire discussion of results were expounded according to justifications for relationships found. Four (4) mechanisms were noted to rationalize the relationships between legalization of m edical marijuana in identified states to the rate of use and potential abuse or dependency. As contended, these mechanisms could become frameworks for future research on the study. Concurrently, the authors observed the need to maintain objectivity through indicating as much as five (5) limitations of the research which were extensively explained. In addition, suggestions on areas of focus for future research were also indicated to provide interested researchers to pursue studies sharing

What problems Adults with dementia face in palliative care Essay

What problems Adults with dementia face in palliative care - Essay Example Using these findings in clinical practice can make the lives of these patients much better. For the same reason, it is important to be able to use an important clinical research appraisal tool which can help maximize the benefits gained from doing such research. This includes the McMaster’s Critical Review Form for Qualitative Studies, which will be used in the review below. Evidently, there are a number of ways in which a research paper can benefit the palliative care nursing staff and the patients who receive this care, and qualitative information can be extremely useful for receiving feedback on this care (Baxter & Jack, 2008). However, there are sometimes issues which need to be addressed in the research before incorporating it into current practice, which is why the McMaster’s Critical Review Form can be so useful in assessing suitability. ... The three papers that have been chosen to review using the McMaster’s tool are all qualitative, as this gives an interesting and more personal look into the challenges that face those working with dementia patients in palliative care (Baxter & Jack, 2008). It allows researchers to see more accurately the thoughts that are going through people’s head, and to group these into common themes (Sale et al, 2002), without the need for pressurizing scales that provide quantitative data. Challenges for professional care of advanced dementia (Chang et al, 2009) covers the challenges identified by professional health workers when caring for those with dementia in a palliative care environment. This research used small focus groups and individual interviews to gather information about the work that these people do with patients suffering from dementia. Barriers and facilitators to the receipt of palliative care for people with dementia: The views of medical and nursing staff (Ryan et al, 2012) covers UK practitioners who offer end-of-life care to those with dementia in an attempt to understand the issues that these workers may have in providing this care. Again, this research was done using a mixture of focus groups and individual interviews to gather relevant data. Finally, Dying well with dementia: qualitative examination of end-of-life care (Lawrence et al, 2011) also targets the issues that surround end-of-life palliative care for those with dementia, identifying that this type of palliative care can be quite different from that offered to those with other chronic conditions. This time, the data was carried out using interviews of both bereaved

Autoethnography Essay on Tattoo's Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Autoethnography on Tattoo's - Essay Example It was like having your own art studio with you all the time! It was the coolest thing for me. Finally, the much awaited day came. I was all grown-up and â€Å"licensed† to have a tattoo of my own. While I was on vacation in Las Vegas, I went to Hart and Huntington Ink, a tattoo art studio in Hard Rock Hotel and Casino. I had two tattoos made, one in each forearm. One forearm has the word â€Å"strength† written on it and on the other forearm, â€Å"honor† was written. I realized on that day that having a tattoo means having to undergo pain. It was painful! But that is the price one pays if he wants to be â€Å"artistic†. When I came back from my vacation I felt I was now a â€Å"real man† with real tattoos. But my parents thought otherwise. They were surprised to see the tattoos and got really mad at me. They said that I look so dirty and that people will mistake me as being an ex-convict, a drug addict and a gang member. They also warned me not to go anywhere near my grandparents else they suffer a heart attack. My younger brother thought it was so cool and told me he could not wait to get his own. When I went to visit my girlfriend that evening, she admired it. She said that I looked manlier now and that she was more attracted to me more than ever. She wished though that the next time I get one, I will have her name written on my chest. The following day at school, my teachers saw my tattoo and asked me if I just joined a gang. My friends however thought that it was very nice. So here I am all proud at having a tattoo yet I get different reactions from people closest to me. I was confronted with the problem of being stereotyped as a either a criminal or a macho man just because I have a tattoo. After graduation on my trip to Fruitland Idaho, I had another tattoo done on my arm sleeve at Angels Ink, a tattoo studio. This time I was more daring and had an angel, the Virgin Mary, a cross and a sparrow design. This tattoo hurt the most. I don’t know why but it may be because the person doing it was not really careful and he does not seem to mind whether I was suffering excruciating pain. All he wants is to get the tattoo done right away so he can attend to his other customers. Seeing these new tattoos, my parents were more outrageous this time. They said that it would be impossible for me to land a job if I have a tattoo. They said that companies do not accept men with tattoos because they have the impression that people with tattoos are violent and irresponsible. I was shocked at the very harsh words hurled to me by my parents just because of a tattoo. I thought, what harm can a tattoo do to a company’s profitability? The week after my family had a family reunion since it was the 85th birthday of my grandmother. I wore a T-shirt which flaunted all my tattoos. My parents wanted me to put a jacket on so that my other relatives would not see my tattoos. But when we arrived at my grandparentsâ €™ house, I had to remove my jacket because it was so warm. And lo and behold, my grandparents, aunties and uncles were stunned to see my â€Å"artwork†. My grandmother reprimanded my parents for allowing me to have tattoos. She said that it was a disgusting site and that it was bad for the reputation of the family. My auntie asked me since when did I become a hippie. But of course, my teenaged cousins marveled at them. They asked questions on whether it was painful, where I got it and how did I choose the designs. There was indeed a myriad of reactions for my tattoos. Instead of my grandmother

Capitalization requirement and efficiency Essay

Capitalization requirement and efficiency - Essay Example This issue is highlighted in the study of Ahmed et al. (2001) where it is noted that ‘Islamic banks perform both commercial and investment banking services but do not establish firewalls to separate these two services legally, financially, and managerially’ (Ahmed et al., 2001, p.169); in accordance with the above researchers the effectiveness of Islamic banks could be increased if their activities were appropriately categorized and distributed among different organizational departments. On the other hand, Chong et al. (2009, 125) state that the most important characteristic of traditional Islamic banking is the Profit and Loss Share scheme – in Islamic banks there is no interest on transactions, a fact that differentiates these banks from Conventional ones; the daily functions of Islamic banks have to be aligned accordingly. Through the study of Chong et al. (2009) it has been also proved that the use of PLS scheme in Islamic banks worldwide has been limited under the influence of the Conventional-banks practice of offering interest on investments and transactions; through this way, it is proposed by Chong et al. (2009) that the rules regulating the activities of Islamic banks worldwide would be changed and introduce similar principles with those applied on Conventional banks. The need for update of the existing operational principles of Islamic banks has been highlighted by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions; the abo ve organization has proposed the development of ‘accounting standards for Islamic investment vehicles and the conduction of related training and publicity’ (Pomeranz, 1997, p.123); in other words, the weaknesses of the current Islamic banking system are recognized; however, it is noted that the improvement of Islamic banking system should be developed independently from the Conventional banking, i.e. through the establishment of principles and practices that they will

Origanum Majorana Essential oil Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Origanum Majorana Essential oil - Research Paper Example Therefore some essential oils are used in order to fasten the overall recovery process of patients. Origanum Majorana Essential Oil is one of the them which is extracted from herbs; possessing relatively higher sedative, analgesic, anti-spasmodic, anti-fungal, anti-viral, expectorant, stimulant, disinfectant and calming effects (Marjoran, 2011). In this paper only one essential oil is discussed i.e. Origanum Majorana Oil with respect to the treatment of surgical ICU patients. Origanum Majorana is a Latin name for Marjoram which means ‘greater’ not because of some physical or chemical compositions but due to the ancient perception that the use of Origanum Majorana oil can increase lifespan of humans (Marjoram, 2012). This herb belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It has penetrating smell, slightly spicy taste and overall warm nature. Its chemical components include Thymol, Caryacrol, Pinenel, Camphor, Origanol, etc. The Origanum Majorana oil is extracted from its flowers. It is yellow in color and turns brown as it decomposes. It has some distinctive properties which makes it highly applicable for the treatment of surgical patients. These include (Marjoram, 2012): The oil has soothing and calming effect when consumed internally or when applied externally over the body. Its distinctive chemical composition helps in reducing stress. It provides relief to the muscle pain and throbbing. The oil has an ability to deal with the miseries of congestion and common cold. The warm and woody smell of the oil provides relaxation to human senses. Massage of Origanum Majorana releases pain during menstruation. It is also recommended for the treatment of insomnia as it regulates the functioning of nervous system. The oil is extensively used in body massage after sports. It provides warm effect to the body when used in hot bath. Description The Romans have categorized Origanum Majorana as the ‘herb of happiness’ and for the Greeks it was a key source of â⠂¬Ëœjoy to the mountains’ due to its sedative properties and an ability to reduce tension. Surgical patients experience tension before and after the surgery which is a natural phenomenon. However, the tension and emotional imbalance might lead to high blood pressure which can cause problems particularly during and after the surgery. Therefore it is the prime concern of medical professionals to reduce tension and mental stress of these patients. For this purpose several medicines and therapies are used. The application of Origanum Majorana essential oil

Give feedback Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Give feedback - Article Example The revealing quote that the author featured is that he knows more how to help children and supervising children and adolescent ward revealed how much he wanted to work with them. The author vividly connects me to his world though his descriptions. For instance Clinical Interventions really cemented the fact that he was destined to be a clinical psychologist. After undergoing practical clinical therapy for ten weeks he discovered that the heart of therapy is listening, something he has been enthusiastically doing with his friends. In the personal statement the author reveals new things such as clinical therapy requires listening, he also suffered from clinical depression, and clinical interventions class made him fell in love with clinical psychology. The take home point is that the author does what he is passionate about. After reading the personal statement, I know that the author has what it takes to be a clinical psychologist, ranging from passion to experience to

Why Education is the most important factor in a developing country Essay Example for Free

Why Education is the most important factor in a developing country Essay Education is often considered the greatest opportunity you can give a child, purely from what the child can do with that Education, will they become a Doctor and save 100 lives? Or become a Scientist and cure Malaria? They will also learn to be civilized, moral and then spread that to their children whom will possibly do the same until you have a lot of civilized people in one country working together and making trying their best to be the best people they can be, great countries rise, perhaps that may be why countries that see Education as â€Å"optional† are some of the most disorderly regions. Those regions include, The Middle East, Africa, and some of Latin America. According to Islamic beliefs, everyone is entitled to an Education; in fact, getting an education is described as â€Å"A Moral duty to yourself and Society† in the Quran but as the reader may know, Women are not allowed into Middle Eastern Universities and the Woman’s Father must approve of her Daughter even going to, what we know as, Middle school in The Middle East. Because Women are not allowed to study anything, including Politics, there is only a Male based government, and as we know by now, Men and Women are not as equal as we would like to admit, for instance, in countries where Women can hold political office (Europe, North America and Asia) are generally more peaceful areas of the world and that is because Men are likely to take a more stern and aggressive approach to threats while Women are more likely to want to avoid serious conflict and instead find alternatives. The point is that a bunch of governments, with only Men, are more likely to conflict with other countries because they don’t have something to bring them to sense when Violence seems like the best option, in The Middle East at least. In Africa, instead of religious reasons for people lacking education, the problem is Money. There are not enough good schools in Africa for all the children of the continent (obviously) and this leads to the kids having to work for whoever is hiring, which is usually one of the many warlords of Africa. Of course, this is not true for all of Africa, for instance, South Africa and Egypt are in the top 30 for richest countries in the World and in South Africa, 81% of their population has received an education comparable to High school level. Egypt has a lower percentage (73%) but this is still much higher than most African countries. The greatest reason as to why  Africa is in such a bad spot is because of European Imperialism, in the 18th Century, Africa was farmed by Europeans leaving them with less than half of the original natural resources they had before the Europeans came along, then they just left. Leaving the people with a freedom they hadn’t had in years, thus raised Warlords and corrupt political figures. The majority of African countries have not organized themselves from this time and because of that, most of the children in Africa have suffered and not gotten an education which will undoubtedly lead Africa to some bad times. Unlike the Middle East and Africa, Latin American countries have OK educational systems that are widely accessible and that is encouraged by most parents, but why is this area some of the most violent? Because of the growing Drug Empire(s) that has taken over almost all of South America and 2/3 of North America and still growing, that promises a lot of very fast which is what everyone wants, especially the poor. This is seen as a good alternative because school takes a lot of hard work that will cost a lot of money later on and even then, the job market is horrible unless you went to Harvard and got a 4.0 GPA all four years in undergrad, then exceled in Graduate school. However, if school was seen as the best option to the kids of Latin America, the kids have a great support system in their family to keep them motivated. Drugs are what are keeping most kids in Latin America from going to school and exceling in however they want to help Society. The world needs education because education teaches us the mistakes of the past, how to solve problems quickly and efficiently and basic civility. The greatest countries in the World currently all spend monstrous amounts of money on Education and investing in their children’s futures because that’s what their parents did for them and it worked and this has been proven time after time. So, to summarize, the Middle East must end their Misogynic beliefs and allow everyone education, Africa must establish a better and much larger educational system in their respective countries and Latin America must destroy the Drug Empires that have almost been allowed to grow and fester in order for these countries/regions to prosper to their full potential.

History Of Airplanes And How It Changed World History Essay

History Of Airplanes And How It Changed World History Essay There are many discoveries throughout history that changed the world in many ways, the internet, electricity, semiconductors, just to name a few. This paper will explore one of such discoveries that had significantly changed the world, the discovery of airplanes. The history of airplanes and how it evolved exponentially intrigued most aviation enthusiast in just over few decades. The impact of this discovery is felt in the lives of all human beings, be directly or indirectly. The inter-link of this effect can be felt almost in all industry types starting from travel and tourism, satellite and communication, business and commerce, etc. Airplanes are now the preferred solution for long distance travel and thousands of flights are operated in airports around the world every day, for example approximately 65 million passengers were transported through Heathrow airport alone in 2009 (European Commission, EroStats). Airplanes beginning It all began following the letter that was written by Wilbur Wright in 1899. The letter was sent to the Smithsonian Institution; Wilbur was requesting information about flight experiments. After gathering the required information, the brothers Wilbur and Orville spent a lot of time in research. According to Marry Bellis (2010) The Wright brothers spent a great deal of time observing birds in flight. Due to the time spent on observing birds, the brothers noticed that the shape of the birds wing helped in increasing lift and birds also changed their wings shape in order to maneuver while flying. Based on the birds technique of flying, Wilbur and Orville started applying these techniques into their experiment to have control on their glider invention. Many hours were put in research followed by testing period, The Wright brothers designed and built many gliders in order to implement their solutions for controlling their gliders. After many trial and errors, they built the first piloted glider in 1900. According to Marry Bellis (2010) the Wrights successfully tested their new 50-pound Biplane glider with its 17-foot wing span and wing-wrapping mechanism, at Kitty hawk . The wing wrapping mechanism is utilized the techniques of birds by changing the shape of the wing. The application in this type of wing was accomplished by arching the wings tips to either increase lift or maneuver the glider. It was then considered a big success at Kitty Hawk, the Wrights later built another glider with 22-foot wingspan weighing nearly 100 pounds. In this glider they used a front elevator to control it. However, this turned out to be a failure. The front elevator did not allow the wings in this glider to provide sufficient lift. The failure of this glider in 1901 caused huge disappointment for the brothers. Despite the failure in their last glider the Wrights reviewed their test results and determined that the calculations they had were not reliable Marry-B (2010). In order to assure that they obtain accurate results Wilbur and Orville decided to build a wing tunnel. The wing tunnel enabled them to test many different shapes of wings and compare the lift force between different wing types and shapes. This method of wing testing provided the brothers with great understanding of wings and their performances and behaviors. It is also considered the turning point that led the brothers to their later achievement. Till now wind tunnels are used to test anything related to aerodynamics like planes, wings and cars. As a result of this testing method, the brothers designed and built a new glider with 32-foot wingspan and added a tail to their glider to stabilize and control it. Having this glider, the brothers were able to verify the wing tunnels results and added some minor modifications to the ir last design. After the success of the last glider, the Wright brothers took their research and flying experiments to a higher level. Wilbur and Orville finally decided to design and manufacture a powered aircraft. This however required more research on how to gain thrust and oppose the drag force while providing sufficient lift simultaneously. The lift issue was resolved from previous experiments however the brothers had to do massive studying on propellers and motors. According to Mary B. (2010) after months of studying how propellers work, the Wright brothers designed a motor and a new aircraft sturdy enough to accommodate the motors weight and vibrations . In 1903, the brothers tested their first heavier than air powered aircraft at Kitty Hawk North Carolina. The Wrights used a railway going downhill to give the aircraft enough wing speed for takeoff. After two failed attempts, Orville Wright successfully flew the powered aircraft for 12 seconds on December 17, 1903. The powered aircraft was known as the Flyer. Following this huge success the brothers managed to develop the Flyer design. In the following year, in 1904, the brothers tested the Flyer II model. According to The Wright brothers(n.a.) (n.d.) by 1904 they had improved their 1903 design to the point that they were able to remain aloft of longer period of time while controlling their craft well enough to complete a circle-landing near the spot where they had taken off (n.p.). The Flyer II was flown by Wilbur Wright, who was capable of remaining aloft for more than five minutes. In addition, the Wright brothers did not stop their contribution to the Aviation industry after introducing Flyer II. They dedicated the rest of their lives in advancing aircraft designs. According to The Wright Brothers (2003) Orville spent much of his time after Wilburs death trying to protect the patent rights to their aviation technology. He contributed little to the advancement of aviation designs after the 1920s and died after suffering a heart attack in 1948 (n.p.). Airplanes Development During the Wright brothers era, there was another ambitious aeronautical engineer, Donald Wills Douglas. Donald was the first to receive a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts institute of technology (MIT) (UXL Newsmakers) (2005). After Donald graduated from MIT, he started his career at Connecticut Aircraft Company in 1915. In that same year he joined Glenn L. Martins aircraft firm as chief engineer (UXL Newsmakers) (2005). Eventually Donald started his own firm Douglas Company. He first wanted to manufacture an aircraft that was able to fly across the United States nonstop; this aircraft was known as the Cloudster. According to the UXL newsmakers (2005) the Cloudster never made it fully cross-country, but it was the first plane capable of lifting a payload equal to its own weight (N.P). The most famous among the Douglass designs are the DC series. For example the DC-3 in 1936, was considered to be a huge breakthrough in aircraft manufacturin g. The DC-3 was capable of absorbing 21 passengers and cruising at speed of 190 mph. The UXL Newsmakers (2005) quoted it was so successful that within 2 years after it first appeared, it was carrying 95 percent of the nations civil air traffic (N.P). During world war II DC-3 and DC-4 were widely used for military transport. Later Donald developed the DC-4 design to come up with the DC-6 and DC-7. The DC-7 was the first aircraft that was permitted to fly nonstop from coast to coast. In the 1960s, Douglas designed the jet propelled DC-8 before it ended up merging with McDonnell Aircraft Company in 1967. According to UXL Newsmakers (2005), the site of original Douglas company plant is now the museum of flying (n.p.). On the contrary, the Douglas Companys planes were not the first commercial airliners. In 1909 a German airline initiated which was considered to be the first commercial airline in the world. The airline was called Deutsche Luftschiffahrt Aktien Gesellschaft (DELAG). However the DELAG company did not use DC series airplanes. According to Asif Siddiqi (2010) the company used one of the large airships built by Ferdinand Graf Von Zeppelin(n.p.). The DELAG company carried passengers from 1910 to 1914 and stopped during World War I and then continued from 1919 to 1920. This airline was used for carrying wealthy citizens and foreigners to fly across German cities. From the time the Write Brothers invented their first aircraft 1903 to the point when a public commercial flight was done was considered quite an achievement. It took only seven years from the Wrights first Flyer I to come up with a commercial airplane. According to Bengtson Tom (2003) It is interesting that 10 years after that historic first flight, only about two dozen of the worlds 3,700 aircraft where owned by Americans. This shows how the whole world was interested in the aviation field and also how it developed so fast. In addition, after the Wright Brothers big achievement, in 1908 a Bousson-Borgins aircraft was built by Aeroplanes Voisin it was powered by a Renault propeller engine, Christopher P Clark (n.p. 12-2005). However what really gave the aviation industry a boost was World War I. Since the war proved that aircrafts can be effective in war, governments rushed in improving airplanes in order to have up to date attacking techniques. There are many milestones that are to be considered when talking about airplane developments. After the Wright Brothers first flight many aeronautical engineers were interested in flying and started to improve in the Wrights design. For example, Glenn Hammond curtiss, who in the spring of 1910 completed a 243- kilometer public flight along the Hudson River from Albany, NY, to Manhattan Seth Shulman (2002). One of the important milestones in aviation is introducing the jet engine. The jet propelled engine was introduced first by Sir Frank Whittle who was the first to register a patent for the jet engine in 1930. Another contributor to the jet engine is a German aircraft designer, Dr. Hans Von Ohain who introduced his model of the jet engine in 1934. However, according to Mary Bellis (2010) Hans Von Ohains jet was the first to fly in 1939. Although the jet engines were designed in different years yet both Hans and Franks designs are similar in basic concept, yet differ in internal arra ngement. The next milestone is a consequence of the jet engine, which is the first commercial jet plane. According to Tony Long (2007) 1952: A de Havilland Comet, flying for British Overseas Airways Corporation, becomes the first jet aircraft to enter commercial service, carrying passengers from London to Johannesburg, South Africa. Prior to introducing the first commercial jetliner, there was a remarkable advancement to aviation which is breaking the sound barrier. It was not until October 14, 1947 that mankind could fly faster than sound. Chuck Yeager an American Air Force pilot was the first man to fly faster than sound, in his XS-1 aircraft. According to Cathy Booth Thomas (n.d.) His XS-1 had accelerated to Mach 1.06, or 700 m.p.h. The Mach number is a ratio that is the speed of the aircraft divided by the speed of sound. Consequently aerospace and aeronautical Engineers were able to design a shuttle that landed on the moon in 1959. Breaking the sound barrier is considered to be huge breakthrough in aviation history and lead to other advancements other than the space shuttle. For example the Concorde aircraft which is a commercial airplane that can exceed the speed of sound. Figure 1 illustrates the major milestones of aviation and how quick it grew. Some major milestones in aviation history Fig. #1 Airplanes impact on our world Throughout history there were some major discoveries that were followed by a huge impact on the world like inventing the wheel, for example and computers, internet, and many more. The invention of airplanes is also considered as one of mankinds huge step forward in many ways. The Wright Brothers did not only introduce the first powered aircraft, yet they also launched the world into the aviation field. The brothers first flew in December 17, 1903 and within a few decades aircrafts were used in wars, for transport over the world, and even reached the moon. Aircrafts have really affected our lives in many different ways. According to Heather Whipps (2008) the brothers made four flights that day, the last one soaring 852 feet and lasting almost one minute, launching the world into aviation age for good. However, it is unfair to give the Wright Brothers full credit for all these achievements, because airplanes developed like anything else each new achievement was building up on previous achievements. Aircrafts are considered to be a highly tactical weapon in war. It is also number one for long distance traveling and is widely used. Many people today see air travel as a normal routine in their lives. However airplanes also have their drawbacks such as pollution. Furthermore, airplanes have affected many aspects of our lives, more importantly it really changed the course of war. Before people used invade each other by guns and travel the long distance by ships with the whole army. Now, there is no need for the whole army just a fleet of airplanes can invade a whole country. However this is depending on whether or not the other country has anti-aircraft devices or not. Airplanes are now used for bombing and surveillance during war. According to Cody Hodge (n.d.) the plane allowed us to drop a bomb on Hiroshima instead of having to invade the island. It was because of the atomic bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki that lead to the United States victory in World War II, and if it wasnt for airplanes it would not be possible to drop an atomic bomb. This is an example of how airplanes changed the world. In addition, another aspect that was affected by airplanes is the pollution that is caused by airplanes all around the world. Airplanes are usually a source of different kinds of pollution. First is the most common which is air pollution, then comes noise pollution, and finally water pollution. Airplanes emit toxic gases while flying and especially during landing and takeoff. These gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides, demolish the ozone layer leading to global warming. However, according to David Holzman (1997) ground access vehicles such as passengers cars and buses just entering and leaving the airport often exceed airplanes as the dominant sources of air pollution at airports. Another kind of pollution caused by airplanes is noise pollution. Usually airplanes are very loud during landing and takeoff, which it makes it uncomfortable and also unhealthy to live near an airport. Finally, airplanes also cause some water pollution. In winter there are chemicals used to de-f reeze airplanes, in airports. After de freezing they dump these toxic chemicals into water ways which causes water pollution, (David Holzman) (1997). With any new invention there are many advantages and disadvantages. Airplanes may have some disadvantages like harming people, pollution, and spreading diseases like SARS. However, the advantages overcome the disadvantages. Airplanes have really made the world an easier place to live in. now you can go across the world in just hours, while it took our ancestors months. Airplanes have also contributed to improving many economies and there are many jobs that would not be there if it was not for airplanes, like pilots and aircraft technicians. However, the disadvantages like pollution can be neglected since gas emissions in airplanes per passengers are low considered to car emissions per passenger. Furthermore, many consider that the designs of airplanes and what aviation reached so far are all credited to the Wright Brothers. Although the Wright Brothers were the first to fly a heavier than air aircraft, yet they also took the use of the knowledge that was already there from the Smiths onian Institution on lift and gliders. Airplanes development was on the same method engineers took what the Brothers have done and improved it like Donald Douglas, Chuck Yeager, and many others. Therefore it is not reasonable to credit what aviation has reached so far to the Wright Brothers.

The Flaw of Hamlets Antic Disposition Essay -- essays research papers

Hamlet's antic disposition of pretending to become crazy so that he can take revenge of his father's death was a bad plan. The situations in the play that prove that Hamlet's antic disposition was a bad plan are the death of his friend Ophelia, his fighting with his mother, trying to fool the King and Polonius, his own downfall and finally his death. All this situations illustrate why Hamlet?s antic disposition was a bad plan. Hamlet?s antic disposition was the main reason why Ophelia committed suicide and why Hamlet fought with his mother. Hamlet believed that if he showed no more feelings for Ophelia and showed hatred and cruelty for his mother, people and particularly the King and Polonius would believe that he has truly gone crazy. He shows that he has no feelings for Ophelia when he says to her "You should not have believed me, for virtue cannot so inoculate our old stock but we shall relish of it. I loved you not.? At the time of Ophelia?s burial, Hamlet jumps in Ophelia?s grave saying, "I loved Ophelia. For thousand brothers could not with all their quantity of love Make ...

Tastes Great or Less Filling :: Commercial Analysis Essays

Tastes Great or Less Filling? Works Cited Missing Yes, yes, oh yes! Most of us are familiar with the current advertising campaign of Clariols Herbal Essences shampoo and conditioner. It has been running for quite a while now. The woman enters a room and to her surprise a bottle of shampoo and conditioner await her. Then we suddenly find her either washing her own hair or having her hair washed and she is pleasurably screaming and shouting. The add seems to imply that the shampoo and/or conditioner causes an orgasm like experience for the woman. The commercial is clearly targeted towards women, yet the woman is usually beautiful. Between the beautiful woman and the screaming female it is difficult to deny that men do not keep a slight interest in the commercial. The images in the commercial keep peoples attention, and that is what sells the product. Another commercial recently made its debut earlier this year during the closing weeks and playoffs of the NFL season. It is the highly controversial Miller Lite catfight commercial. The commercial was considered controversial because of the two women in it. Many argue that the women were being exploited for their good looks, yet in McClouds Show and Tell, ...words and pictures have great powers to tell their stories when creators fully exploit them both, (152). That is how advertisers accomplish their mission. What are they trying to do? They are trying to keep your attention so that you will buy their product. They exploit their images and their words to get the most of them. Also, words and moving pictures have half the world in thrall to their charms, (141). The commercial starts out with two women fighting over why Miller Lite is such a good beer. One claims that it is the taste of the beer and the other claims that it is because it is less filling. The verbal struggle erupts into a physical battle when the brunette woman flips the table over. The blonde then punches the brunette which is followed by the brunette throwing the blonde into a fountain and they fight as they rip each others clothes off. The commercial then cuts to two men laughing at what a great commercial the viewer just saw would make, while two women are shown with their mouths wide open as if they were offended by what they had just heard.

Ethical Issues in Management Essay

Every so often we hear the phrase â€Å"Business is business and a cup of tea is a cup of tea†. The contemporary business managers think quite on the contrary. Morals and ethics are the new paradigm and have taken the driving seat in the day to day working of the Management. Ethics contains code of conduct for a person to blend with others keeping in view the righteousness and goodness of the trade; whereas, morals are not primarily written but acted upon by most of society with rectitude. The modern manager faces several issues on the moral and ethical front as more teamwork is required to accomplish collective goals. Fraud, discrimination, nepotism, false marketing in advertorial manner is the name of the game for unethical pseudo professionals and to cope with them always remain a challenge for the socially and ethically responsible manager. The moral values of a professional lie deep within, starting with the core communications between his superiors, peers and subordinates. The levelheaded working style of a manager speaks volume of not only his good ethical behavior but also keen sense of judgment and ability to lead his subordinates in a fair and square manner. An ethically responsible manager not only tells people what to do but shows them how to do it. A Manager must be the role model to other employees of the company; therefore, he is accountable for the training and guidance of his coworkers and associates. The management must device an ethical education management and assessment of behavioral integrity of the employees to extract more productivity (Wankel, 2011). It is rightly said that â€Å"Charity begins at home†, the same is applied to morals of the management. Ethically responsible management practices enforced by a company ensure that the company declines any shady business practices and eventually fraudulent functioning of the employees. The old business model has drastically changed over the years as accountability and transparency have become norms of progressive business (Carroll, 2012). In this context, the burden on the shoulders of whistles blowers have increased radically. They should be encouraged to report organizational misconduct in any form or manifestation. It is the responsibility of the management to encourage its employees to report any fraud or delinquency. Fortification of the whistle blower from coworkers is the responsibility of the company also which in return shall endorse the trust of the employees on the management. There are many example of ethical dilemma which arises due to the fact that the people in power not realize the repercussion of their decisions. Although society gives so much for the business to prosper, mostly none is returned to the society. A classical example would be the industrial waste coming out of a process industry which gravely affects the flora and fauna of the milieu. The decision of the management to spill industrial drainage without treatment is a solemn ethical breach. The environmental agencies have formalized various codes and standards like OSHAS which should have been followed prior to any drainage of detrimental waste water. Ethically responsible management practices and social issues bear close rapport. Hence the management must always have an insight to resolve these issues as they are always involved in dealing with the community directly or indirectly related to the business. The managers may have to take stern decisions to alleviate unethical demeanor yet it is bound to return back in folds.

Islamic Civilization in Malaysia

ISLAMIC CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA A Summation: Introduction This study covers the often-pressed subject of the role of Islam in the culture of Malaysia and within the everyday lives of its population. Malaysia is predominantly an Islamic country where the majority, i. e. 60%, of the population are Muslims. The other main faiths include Buddhists 19%, Christians 9%, Hindus 6%, and Chinese 4. 5%, with the rest having minor (or being without) religions. While Malaysia has a multi-cultural population, there is good tolerance between all major faiths, which co-exist in harmony.Background It is most commonly reasoned that Islam first arrived in Malaysia with Sultan Muzaffar Shah I of Kedah (12th century), the first ruler to be known to convert to Islam after being introduced to it by Indian traders, who themselves were recent converts. During the 12th century AD, when Indian Muslim traders stepped on Malaysian soil, people of Malaysia and Indonesia adopted and absorbed the religion peacefully. By the 15th and 16th centuries it was the majority faith of the Malay people.Meanwhile, Malaysia developed politically into its recognized nine constituent states, namely Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Kedah, Perak, Perlis, Selangor, Johor and Negeri Sembilan. Initially, the draft Constitution of Malaysia did not specify any official religion for the overall State. However, the rulers of the nine individual states felt that it was appropriate that Islam should be the official religion, collectively across all states of the developing country. The Malaysian states have constitutional monarchs or sultans.These rulers still maintain authority over religious affairs of the states. The states of Penang, Malacca, Sarawak and Sabah do not have any sultan, but the king, Yang di-Pertuan Agong, plays the role of head of Islam in each of those states, as well as in each of the current Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya. To this day the doctrinal belief and fai th, ethical and moral values of the Malays are based on Islam, which is a major contributor to the colour and cultural landscape of Malaysia.Of course, other religious and cultural elements have been harmoniously integrated into the Malay way of life, to contribute to the overall philosophy of the country, which demonstrates that Malaysia is indeed Islamic but tolerant of other faiths in the modern age. Accounting for over half the population, the Islamic Malaysian’s are the country’s largest ethnic group and national language, dating back to its oldest indigenous generation, whom are known as â€Å"Bumiputera†, which translates as â€Å"sons† or â€Å"princes of the soil. Historically, Malaysian life was centered on the village, or â€Å"kampong†, where one would need not travel far to experience the indigenous cultural aspects of the religion. Of course nowadays this principle is equally valid in the growing cities and urbanization. Having Islam as the largest practiced religion, Malaysia still prides itself as being a multi-confessional country, with over 17 million Muslim advocates.In comparison to the ethno-based Chinese and Hindu civilizations, and geo-based Christian civilization, Islamic civilization was the first that could be called universal, in the sense that it comprised people of many different races and cultures, on three different continents. The Islamic Civilization was European, having flourished for a long time in Spain and southern Italy, on the Russian steppes, and in the Balkan Peninsula. It was self-evidently Asian and also African, so it more than definitely unique. All the while Islamic civilization is promoted in Malaysia, it is widely elieved that the greatest success to its uprising is its inherent concept of fairness, understanding and the promotion of human and constructive relationships between religious and cultural indifferent people, derived from the Quran and the Prophetic system of governa nce. Till this day, the progression of Islamic faith still prevails amongst its Malaysian citizens. Islamic Influence on Malay Culture The religion itself has not only enlightened its followers, but also has introduced many significant transformations into the Malay civilisation, society, and culture.Islam can be considered to be the prime, and underlying, influence of the development of Malaysia over the centuries, eventually into the modern day. The population has been united so that all live and prosper peacefully, regardless of origin or ethnic background. That unity has stood the test of time against any racial or ethnic discrimination, but did contribute to the mutual tolerance and understanding, and thereby integration, of various racial and ethnic groups such as Arabs, Persians, Turks, Africans, Indian and South-East Asian, including Malaysia.In Malaysia, the diverse ethnic groups that embrace Islam emphasize the sense of brotherhood and sisterhood, regardless of tribe, cree d or language. The notion is universal across Malaysia, and actively encourages learning and development of individuals through Islamic study while supporting science and technological development for the benefit of the population as a whole. Indeed Islam is not limited to the Malay mainland, but is prevalent throughout northern Sumatra.Also it is predominant in nearby Java, Indonesia, southern Thailand and the southern Philippines, which enjoy good, peaceful relationships with Malaysia. Cultural-Islamic Fusion in Malay Rituals, Practices and Festivals Most Malaysians practice the Islamic rituals of: I. Prayer and affirmation of Allah as the One God and Prophet Muhammad as the Messenger of Allah. II. Five obligatory daily prayers, and the significant Friday prayer. III. Ramadan (fasting for one month). IV. Donation of alms, or zakat and fitrah. V.Pilgrimage to Mecca. The Malay understanding of Islam is based on the Sunni tradition. The most authoritative guide to the practices of pr ayer including the various post-prayer rituals, and supplications, is the teaching and writings of Sheikh Daud al-Fattani, entitled Munyat al-Musalli. Thus, the faith is disseminated and practiced throughout the region. Most Malaysians, to an extent that mosques and prayer houses are usually full, observe the Friday congregational prayers, and the Tarawih prayer during Ramadan.Also, people will celebrate auspicious occasions by going to the mosques or musalla early in the morning, then later visiting their relatives and friends. During the two Eid celebrations, especially the Eidi l-Fitri that is considered to be the day of feasting after a month fasting period, people take much pride in proving much food that can be enjoyed by all visitors as they open their doors for â€Å"open house† celebration with family and friends, when even strangers are welcome. â€Å"Malay† ethnicity comprises the majority of the Malaysian population, providing a significant impact to the na tional culture.Therefore, when there is a celebration celebrated by the Malays, it is usually enjoyed by the entire nation. Consequently, the annual monthly period of Ramadan is a good time for Malaysia, where those local or visiting, can benefit and enjoy from its culture. The annual Eid Il-Fitr period changes every year, in accordance with the Islamic lunar calendar. While such tradition is deeply historical, the younger generation nowadays still appreciates the value of celebrating Eid Il-Fitr.Malaysia’s commercial and technical development in modern times is fast paced, however, all Malaysians, and their guests, can see and be proud that the religious tradition has also developed to provide a fusion of culture and religion that is enlightening and serving modern needs. Islam and Multicultural in History The development and proclamation of Islamic culture has made significant contribution to the development of the worldwide civilization, including sciences, technologies, e thics etc.In modern times, Islamic civilization as such, with its inherent traits, continues to influence scientists and scholars in parallel to their prime disciplines. Islam and its Influence on Local Cultures Islam positively nourishes and enriches the culture of its disciples. It regulates the both national and localized culture, the result of which is that people retain their own culture, regardless of specific geographical origin, yet they easily and happily accommodate the Islam way of life.Islam has justified influence on national legislation and laws, providing for development and protection of individuals regardless of gender, while maintaining the â€Å"Malaysian† ethnicity and associated culture. Wherever one looks in Malaysia, there is evidence of Islamic faith and the associated way of life. This is exhibited and ranges from governmental regime to individuals’ attitudes including personal relationships and interactions and food. Also there is influence in business and commerce, e. g. Islamic financing, and to some extent in architecture.It is fair to say that Islam is a common thread throughout Malaysian existence and identity. Islamic Art in Malaysia Islamic art can be traced back to as long ago as the seventh century in the Middle East. Aspects of Islamic art forms can be seen in metal-works, fabric, pottery, canvas oils and paints, through to its impressive writing style or calligraphy. Use of color and detail presents a picture that not only looks attractive, but also makes one think and inquire deeper. Throughout the ages the Sultans, allowing them to be used in the architecture or buildings of that period, encouraged these art forms.Islamic art can also be found in decoration and furnishings, which serve to reinforce educational and spiritual purposes. Many of the finest examples of Islamic Art can be seen in Malaysia, through its architecture and picturesque skyline scattered with decorative domes. Here, Islamic art is a part of everyday life. Islamic art is essentially an art form that has survived the test of time through its continuous updating and evolution. It is used as a tool for increasing tourism, and an appreciation of Islamic conservatism, as most of the tourist sites are highly embellished with forms of Islamic art.Whichever form of Islamic Art one is exposed to, it should be borne in mind that each piece shows a celebration of daily life. It opens the doorway to true beauty and a way to discover the rich history and culture. The experience of Islamic Art leaves its brilliant use of color, design and form engraved in the beholders mind. There are a variety of Malay Islamic Performing arts practices in Malaysia. Many a time, these Malay Islamic Performing arts spread sparsely to even the Southern Thai. This is due to the fact that Malays are the most dominant ethnic group in Southern Thailand.Below are some types of Traditional Malay Performing Arts, which can be categorized as Islamic, namel y: †¢ Nasyid [pic] †¢ Hadrah [pic] †¢ Dikir Laba [pic] †¢ Dikir Barat [pic] †¢ Berzanji/ Marhaban [pic] †¢ Rebana Kercing [pic] Islam and Education Over the years, a noteworthy amount of Islamic religious schools have risen in Malaysia. The institutes which exist not only in the rural areas of the country but in the heart of the city too, teach Muslim students specifically subjects related to Islam, ranging from topics such as the Arabic language, Islamic History and Culture as well as Fiqh.Although it is not deemed necessary for students to attend such schools, the state Johor has made it mandatory for all Muslim children aged six to twelve to attend the schools. Being a fundamental part of the Malay-Muslim community, Islamic schools have played an outsized role in the primary education; even long before Malaysia sought out its independence. Before the British initiated mass education, traditional Islamic schools, or ‘Pondok’, were the onl y system of edifying the citizens of Malaysia. Islamic Movement – Tajdid and Islah Islam is a way of life, and it is not merely a religion.Islam is viewed from three dimensions, which are Islam, Iman and Ihsan. Islam consists of five pillars, and it is mandatory that every Muslim must comply to: †¢ The witness, Syahadah, which there is no god except Allah, and Muhammad is the last Messenger of Allah. †¢ Praying five times a day. †¢ Donation of Zakat. †¢ Fasting during Ramadan. †¢ If able to, then to performing Hajj. Secondly, a Muslim will progress to the second stage of Islam that is called an Imam, which means of affirming to: †¢ The existence of Allah †¢ His angels †¢ His books †¢ His messengers †¢ The Last Day (Qiyamat) Affirming the good and bad (Qada and Qadar) †¢ Meanwhile, â€Å"Ihsan is to worship God as though you see Him, and if you cannot see Him, then indeed He sees you. † Conclusion In this summation, the ancestries and development of the Islamic civilization has been examined – both the religion and the community. It is evident that the teachings of the religion have enabled the Malays to unify and expand across the country in an astonishingly brief period. It can be seen that the Islamic faith is not only a religion but also a way of life for the population of Malaysia, providing spiritual fulfillment and a real sense of purpose.It is prevalent across the whole of society who embraces the faith openly and enjoys its benefits openly. Without Islam, modern day Malaysia would not exist in its current form and considering how well Malaysia has developed and prospered, it maintains the sense of decorum, fairness and largely benefit from the faith that the country strives upon each day. To many believers, Islam has led the Malaysians in authority, stability and extent of government, in enhancement of manners, knowledge and philosophy. ReferencesThe Role of Islamic Civilizatio n in Fostering Inter-religious Understanding, online, retrieved 8 November 2012, from http://www. ikim. gov. my/v5/index. php? lg=1&opt=com_article&grp=3&sec=&key=1067&cmd=resetall Spread of Islam, online, retrieved 8 November 2012, from http://www. cyberistan. org/islamic/mmalay. htm The Coming of Islam, online, retrieved 9 November 2012, from http://www. sabrizain. org/malaya/islam. htm Strengthening Islamic cultural heritage of the Malays in Malaysia in the post global society, online, retrieved 9 November 2012, http://umkeprints. umk. edu. my/586/

Oodgeroo Noonucal Speech Essay

Good morning 10.06. Oodgeroo Noonuccal, an Australian poet, uses her work to convey aspects of Australian experience. Noonuccal’s poems are mainly focused on her own perspective of the culture and beliefs of both the aboriginal people and white Australians, the racial discrimination that the Aborigines suffered and their peoples spirituality. Oodgeroo uses language and poetic techniques repetition, colloquial language, metaphors etc. to portray this. No more boomerang compares the differences between the two unlikely cultures of the Aborigines and the white Australians. The composer uses colloquial language along with many Aboriginal terms and slang, for example, no more corroboree, gay dance and din, are used to create a closer relationship with the reader to allow them to relate to the aboriginals. The reader can distinguish the difference between the two cultures with the repetition of the following phrases, no more boomerang, no more spear, now all civilised, in which emphasizes the aboriginal traditions and cultures being ruled out by the white Australians culture rising. And work like a nigger, for a white mans meal uses enjambment. And work like a nigga conveys the low standard living for an Aboriginal using colloquial language, for a white mans meal portrays the high standard of living of a white Australian. Black hunted wallaby is a form of imagery, which is used to give the reader a better sense of the Australian fauna, and created a picture. Metaphors such as white-fella bunyip are used to further explain and add emphasis to the mellow feeling the poet is trying to evoke. We are going conveys the spirituality of the aborigines. The poem lists the many belongings of the aboriginal culture that makes up who they are. We are the old sacred memories, the law of the elders, and we are the wonder tales of dream time, the tribal legends told, are the metaphors used, it compares the Aborigines to the sacred things that define them, this conveys the strong connection between the Aboriginal people and their spirituality. The repetition of we are emphasis all the objects listed and further creates the identity of the Aborigines.The phrase also includes inclusive language making the reader feel connected to the text. The repetition of the word gone highlights the aborigines identity being taken away from them.

Merchant of Venice- Romantic Comedy or not? Essay

A romantic comedy is a play that integrates romantic elements as well as humour. In Shakespeare’s romantic comedies, the protagonists live happily ever after, and more often than not, the play ends with the tolling of wedding bells, with more than one couple getting married to create a joyful atmosphere. Love always seems to triumph over adversity in his romantic comedies. Besides, evil is also brought to light, exhibiting enlightenment and reformation. The genre of romantic comedy depicts societies that cannot accommodate the independent woman, often indicated by the hiding of her true identity in order to be able to function in society. Cross-dressing is often used to achieve this purpose and in addition provide comic relief. Yes. It is a romantic comedy. 1. The Merchant of Venice is often categorized as a romantic comedy. To some extent, the play does qualify as one. Firstly, of the three plot lines that run through the play, two are related to love and marriage- the relationships of Bassanio and Portia, as well as that of Jessica and Lorenzo. The play depicts the stories of these two couples, integrating the theme of romance, at the same time showing how they overcame obstacles to be together. 2. Secondly, in the final stretch of the play, Graziano and Nerissa, and Lorenzo and Jessica, get married. Bassanio and Portia have already been married in the earlier scenes, and all live happily ever after. The play ends happily with the union of the lovers, the return of Antonio’s ships and evil being brought to light, as we can see in Shylock’s conversion to Christianity. 3. Thirdly, cross-dressing is also featured in Merchant of Venice, as we can see in how the three females, Portia, Nerissa and Jessica dressed up as men. Portia and Nerissa were able to prove their capabilities as females, and Jessica was able to reunite with her lover this way. At the same time, the cross-dressing of Portia and Nerissa provides comic relief as we can see in the rings plot. These are all conventions of Shakespeare’s romantic  comedies, therefore, the Merchant of Venice can, to a certain extent be considered as a romantic comedy. No. It is not a romantic comedy. 4. However, there are also certain features in Merchant of Venice which do not correspond with the characteristics of a romantic comedy. The main themes of a romantic comedy are supposed to be bright and related to goodness (e.g. love), but in Merchant of Venice, the main themes also include evil, hatred, vengeance and discrimination. Firstly, the hatred between Antonio and Shylock can be witnessed in Act 1 Scene 3, where the former calls the latter names like a â€Å"cut-throat dog†. There is a furious exchange of insults, and this soon develops into a full-blown argument. The theme of hatred is displayed here, bringing forth an ominous atmosphere. 5. Discrimination is also a main theme in Merchant of Venice. Jews are a clear target of discrimination, as we can see in the case of Shylock being discriminated by Antonio, with the latter â€Å"spitting on my (his) Jewish gabardine†. Besides, racial prejudice is also shown, with the Prince of Morocco as an example. Although Portia does not say any colour-sensitive remarks to him and claims that all suitors possess a fair chance of wooing her, deep down she still deems him unsuitable and inferior because of his racial origins, hoping that none of his colour would choose the correct casket. 6. Deception and betrayal are also involved in the play, with Antonio as an example. He is perceived in public as an upright and respectable character, a gentleman, but in fact he has some dark qualities, like the discrimination and maltreatment of the Jews. This can be inferred from the fact that he spits at, insults and kicks Shylock whenever he sees him. Besides, Jessica can also be used as an example to illustrate the theme of deception and betrayal. She dresses up as a male in order to elope with her Christian lover. One could see this as a pursuit of her happiness, but more striking is not only the physical disguise that she wore, but the fact that she betrayed her religion and father. It would be deemed an ungrateful act no matter how ashamed she was of the fact that she was a Jew. 7. More impactful though, is the callousness and vengeance harboured by Shylock. Three thousand ducats are borrowed from him, with a pound of flesh from Antonio as the penalty if the money is not returned. Later in the play, Antonio receives news that his ships have been lost, stripping him of this financial ability to repay the debt. Shylock refuses to spare his life, and insists on having the â€Å"pound of flesh†. In Act 4 Scene 1, the court scene, Shylock asserts that he will still harvest Antonio’s flesh, even though the former was offered two times the sum of money, six thousand ducats. In this scene, Shylock’s thirst and desire for revenge are obvious, as well as his hatred for Antonio. His heartlessness and unwillingness to be merciful strikes us as evil acts. These are not very palatable, especially in a play categorized as a romantic comedy. This could very well lead to a tragic ending of Antonio being killed, if not for the wit of Portia. Conclusion Deception, discrimination, evil, vengeance, betrayal and hatred are all shown in this play. This is a stark contrast to the â€Å"pleasant† atmosphere that a romantic comedy is supposed to create. In some situations even, a tragedy could result. Therefore, the Merchant of Venice is a romantic comedy only to a certain extent, at least one that makes us think about deeper themes and issues.

Reflective Essay- First day of school Essay

Approaching the intimidating building that holds the future of not only the rest of my high school career, but my entire life, I continue to feel a longing for my old school. I wish for my old friends who I know will recognize me and jump to greet me; my old routine that I grew so accustomed to. But none of that matters now. All that matters is that I currently feel like a â€Å"nobody† and I’m certain that is all that I’ll feel for the next two agonizing years of my life. see more:write about your first day at school Is it just my imagination, my insecurities flooding my brain, or is everyone staring at me as I walk down this hallway? I can feel eyes piercing me as â€Å"the new girl† nervously walks down the hall. I don’t know where to go, and even worse, I don’t know who to ask for help. I’ve always had tons of friends; I’ve always felt like I’ve had a place at school, but now everything has done a complete 180. My mom’s piece of advice was to â€Å"just think positive†, but I don’t find that possible while I’m roaming around in an unflattering, frumpy uniform feeling like a clueless fool. I don’t know if I want to cry to my parents and have them make it â€Å"all better†, or if I just have burning resentment toward them from yanking me from the school I really belong at. I never knew how much a simple smile from a stranger would mean to me until I felt completely lost. I began to wake up a little bit from my little pity party and actually notice that there are quite a few friendly faces around this place. I even made a few friends, I guess you could say. My mind continues to bring me back to thoughts of how much I miss my old friends and public school, but my mindset starts to shift a tiny bit once I get more familiar with the place and the people around me. The time of the day finally comes that I’ve been dreading the most†¦ lunch. I pictured myself as one of those loners who sits in the corner by themselves. What I really want right now is my old lunch table crammed with eight or so friends to be waiting to greet me, but instead I’ll have no one. â€Å"Hey, Grace! It’s Waffle Wednesday; remember? Let’s go get some waffles with extra whipped cream before it’s all gone!!† My old buddies and I never missed Waffle Wednesday at my old school. Well guess what? There are no more Waffle Wednesdays. There are no more old friends. There’s no more old school. I snap out of my daydream, grab my brown paper lunch bag, and shuffle toward the new cafeteria†¦ really slowly, hoping to procrastinate and waste a couple minutes. My stomach hurts after lunch, and you would never guess why. A couple of the friendliest and brightest faces came right up to me and welcomed to sit with them at lunch. They seemed so genuine, as if they actually wanted to get know me. That is the last thing I expected all day. I mean, I did come across a few nice people, but I never thought anyone would actually want to sit with the anonymous, shy, timid girl during lunch. As I was saying, my stomach hurt from laughing so much during lunch. A stomachache induced by a laughing fit is undeniably the best kind of stomachache. Not only was I invited to sit with some people, but they were extremely kind, and on top of that, they were hilarious. I can actually say that I made friends today who I plan to sit with at lunch every day from now on. I walked in with no friends today, and I can say that I ended the day with two. It may not seem like a lot, but it’s only day one and there are so many more days to get to know new people. My mom’s advice to â€Å"just think positive† didn’t seem too promising when there seemed to be a giant raincloud over my head. I was so self-absorbed in my own dread that I was much too consumed to look up and gain a new perspective of everything around me. When I was closed-off and had a pessimistic attitude, I cheated myself of so many good opportunities. I noticed that once I began to lighten up and exude a sense of optimism, I started to attract positive energy. I see this new school as more of an opportunity instead of a torture chamber. I can do anything with this opportunity that I want; I can make it an unpleasant and dreadful experience, or I can make it something fun and exciting, all depending on my attitude. I know what it feels like to feel lonely; so now I’m going to be that stranger who offers a kind smile and potentially brightens that person’s day. It’s only day one of my journey, so I have quite a while to make my impact. I still may have a tad bit of distaste for the frumpy uniforms, but at least I can say that I’m able to make the best of my days here.

The Inuit in the Age of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Inuit in the Age of Globalization - Essay Example This essay researches the modern lifestyle of Inuit tribes. A lifestyle that has been profoundly affected by the process of globalization. Relatively healthy from their lives as subsistence hunters and gatherers of the sparse Arctic tundra, the Inuit were completely self-sufficient until they first came into contact with Europeans in the 19th century. By the late 1880s, the Inuit Eskimos were already strongly affected by the same sorts of ‘white man’s diseases’ that had affected more southern tribes, such as measles and smallpox, brought in by traders and whaling ships. At the same time, however, the Inuit have been able to gain increased access to medical care, making it possible for the population to restore itself following initial introduction. This essay also describes significant economic changes that were brought about, both for the good and the detriment of the indigenous people. Positive changes included the introduction of metal, which could be used for everything from knives to fish hooks and increased the Inuit’s ability to catch food for their villages. Negative changes included the over-fishing of their waters, making it increasingly difficult for them to continue competing for their necessary food with outsiders who were better equipped with new technologies. Increasingly, Inuits are turning to money and store-bought items as preferable alternatives to the traditional hand-made products once relied upon. Author of this essay also covered climate change topic and the way in which the Inuit live through the actions of other countries.

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Final Exam - Essay Example Peoplehood is the consciousness of the fundamental unity that makes a person a part of a society. Peoplehood matrix constitutes four basic principles, a consecrated history, a well-defined terrain, and the environment, a distinct language and a characteristic ceremonial cycle. This paper will look into these principles. Peoplehood features were attributed to socio-cultural, political, economic, and environmental behaviours of Cherokee inhabitants. They included the Cherokee Indians, Delaware, Natchez people and the Shawnee. Membership of Cherokee community entailed certain obligations that had to be met for one to participate in the continuation of a good life in Cherokee nation. For example, young men and women graduated to the elderly and diplomatic stature only after serving as warriors (Mooney 56). Cherokee nation had ceremonies that honoured and cared for the sacred fire analogous to the sun and a symbol of purity. Annually Cherokee people gathered to dance in a bright flame and dark shadows of everlasting fire and ask for help of the fire and the spirits. They believed that as long as the fire burned, Cherokee people were destined to survive (Mails 23). Several Cherokee ceremonies were performed, ceremonial lighting of sacred fire, sacrifice of tobacco or meat, purification of individuals ceremony, all night dances. Concisely, all the ceremonies were linked to the fire. There was danger of neglecting the ceremonies; they believed the spirit could affect the health and well-being of the individual who disobeyed the ceremonies (Kelley 23). Cherokee nation had towns each under the headship of chiefs and war leaders. There were two kinds of chiefs; white chiefs and war chiefs. The white chiefs were elderly and had a mandate to preserve peace. They were resourceful, experienced, and respected people. They also conducted the spiritual ceremonies and helped in conflict resolution (Wilkins 34). The war chiefs or group of warriors had specialized

Media and popular culture in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Media and popular culture in China - Essay Example Chinese history and culture have always been difficult to understand for western intellectuals. Although trade relationships between China and the rest of the world had gone on for centuries, there is always the perception of that the country represents the other, the Orient. This construct is noted to be in complete contrast to the Occident. Seen in light of this dichotomy, while sentiments and views expressed by Chinese leaders might appear contradictory or paradoxical to the western observer, they are not necessarily so for the Chinese people themselves. Chinese leader Dengs statement to the party to â€Å"Guard against the Right, but primarily against the Left† can hence be interpreted to be logically and practically plausible. The rest of this essay will elaborate on this thesis. Ever since the communist revolution of 1945 and the rise to power of the Communist Party of China (CCP), Marxist-Leninist thought have been the backbone of much of public policy. Under the iron rule of Mao Zedong, although several millions of Chinese lost their lives through their acts of rebellion, communist ideology has been reverentially promoted both within the party and among the general public. This is not to say that there are no contradictions and countervailing tendencies within the party leadership. If anything, when one looks at the priorities of Chinese leadership during the last six decades, it is clear that their holding on to authority is of paramount importance. Whether communist principles get implemented through public policy has been secondary to monopolization of power. And since the greatest threat to power comes from popular movements, as opposed to business interests, Dengs warning against the Left makes perfect sense. Although, the tendency to repress and sub due the public have taken new modes in recent decades, it was frequent even during the reign of Mao Zedong, the founding leader of the CCP. In 1958, Mao introduced a highly

Understanding The Relationship Between Organisational Structure and Assignment

Understanding The Relationship Between Organisational Structure and Culture - Assignment Example Organizational structure can be seen as the method in which interconnected groups and organizations are set up in order to permit them to function effortlessly from a larger standpoint. Two major purposes of a successful structure are to guarantee effective communication among different parts of the company and increase coordination among different departments. In practice, of course, it is impossible to separate structure and culture of an organization. So while we create organizational structure that spells out the positions to be filled by members of an organization. It is mostly culture that defines the roles that go with these positions and the kinds of people who will fill them. In a practical sense, it is difficult to differentiate structure and culture. â€Å"So while we create organizational structure that spells out the positions to be filled by members of an organization, it’s mostly culture that defines the roles that go with those positions and the kinds of peopl e who will fill them† (GTP Organizer Training 2007). 2. Explain how the relationship between an organization’s structure and culture can   impact the performance of the business. The relationship between organizational culture and organizational structure plays an important role in creating an impact on the performance of business. The culture of management and the employees, situations, events, substance, information, processes and such elements are necessary for organizational decisions and movement. In addition, power, task and responsibility of the employees also influence the performance of a business. The management fixes a structure for the business, which involves culture as a... Understanding The Relationship Between Organisational Structure and Culture Presently there is a lot of  information and data available on the culture of organizations. Organizational structure and organizational culture are closely intertwined with one another. It is also the point of view through which people see their organization and its atmosphere. Organizational culture is more of a bigger picture, a more universal term that refers to a big umbrella of smaller issues and topics in an organization. The organizational structure denotes to the infrastructure of the organization and the numerous practices and methods involved in that infrastructure. This organizational structure assists an organizational culture run with reliability and efficiency, which is be the trademark of a healthy organizational structure. It is seen in a sports team, corporation,  or any other group that is large enough to generate its own organizational culture. This makes the organization structure an integral component of the organizational culture of the organization, but al so narrows out a very particular section of the culture as its own duty and responsibility. In terms of work behavior, an individual is expected to be provided with employment when the organization recognizes and understands the values he or she is concerned about. The values of a firm are often portrayed in the mission and vision statements of the company, which an aspect of the planning function.

UK contract and employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

UK contract and employment law - Essay Example She became negligent with her work. She committed 2 negligent acts which were both serious in nature and affected the company. After the first incident, Clarissa was informally warned but the manager still showed faith in her. But after the second incidence, manager lost confidence in her and she was fired with a six month notice. Her contract will terminate on 31st March 2012. Also keeping in the mind the safety of her colleagues, she was asked to take â€Å"garden leave† wherein she was not needed to come to office during the notice period but would be paid for it. She was not happy with this and wanted to continue working. She has received an offer from Flare Missiles to work for them, provided she joins on the 1st of February 2012. She needs advise on whether she can successfully pursue a claim for unfair dismissal compensation against Cascade and whether she can lawfully accept flare's offer of employment. Unfair Dismissal Compensation The question of whether Clarissa can pursue a claim for unfair dismissal compensation will depend on whether it was an unfair dismissal. The fact that she was dismissed is clearly established in the facts of the case. She will be able to successfully claim the compensation if she can prove that the dismissal was an unfair one. If Precision Missiles had followed all the procedures and abided by the law, then she will not be able to claim the compensation as it will not be an unfair dismissal. First and foremost for Clarissa to have a right against unfair dismissal, she should have worked in the company for at least one year and Clarissa fulfils this requirement as she has been working for over 30 years in the company. Now, Clarissa has to be prove that the dismissal was unfair according to the Employment Rights Act of 1996, Section 98A(1) (‘Procedural fairness’)1 The Employment Rights Act of 1996, Section 98A(1) (‘Procedural fairness’) states that: A dismissal without completion of the standar d procedure (wholly or mainly attributable to the failure of the employer) will be unfair. Whether the dismissal was an unfair dismissal will depend on the 2 stage test that any an unfair dismissal must go through2. Stage One: The Reason Once the unfair dismissal compensation claim is made, the responsibility to show that dismissal was based on a reason falls on the employer3. In this case, Precision Missiles will argue that they had a fair reason to dismiss Clarissa. According to the Employment Rights Act of 1996, Section 98(2) they have to prove that their reason was a fair one. In the current scenario the reason for dismissal was negligence and carelessness in carrying out her responsibilities which are a part of her job profile. This was not a one distinct incident but was repeated twice and in both cases the consequences of her negligence could have been critical. In the first, incidence her negligence would directly impact negatively on the brand images that Precision Missiles had built with its client. This could seriously damage its image and affect future business. The second incidence if not rectified by her colleagues could have been a disaster for the company. Even though it was found out that her negligence would not have caused serious damage, a repetition of the incidence could have been critical. The above reason could be justified as a fair one by using

Ecoproject3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ecoproject3 - Essay Example Gross domestic is one of the leading predictor of the economic size of the country and his significantly influence the financial market and economic cycles which would be useful in formulating business plan and target projections (Madura,2008,99). Good GDP figures indicate positive performance of the overall economy and vice versa. Inflation rate is a factor in price and cost of input factors and therefore significantly influences investment decision. It would therefore be imperative for the trader from Japan to analyze this factor in the context of US economy. Unemployment rate reflects the consumption level and living standard in general. In the event that unemployment in US is relatively high then this would send wrong signals for a better business future in the country. Considering the trend of the above mentioned factors in the past 12 months in the US, it would be easier to make informed decision in respect of viable engagement. ... Positive GDP predicts better market response for any potential investor and it would therefore important for the Japanese investor to consider starting the venture. Nonfarm payroll employment over-the-month change, seasonally adjusted, April 2012–April 2013Month Data retrieved on May 10, 2013 from: http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2013/ted_20130506.htm Month Employment change Apr 2012 112,000 May 2012 125,000 Jun 2012 87,000 Jul 2012 153,000 Aug 2012 165,000 Sep 2012 138,000 Oct 2012 160,000 Nov 2012 247,000 Dec 2012 219,000 Jan 2013 148,000 Feb 2013 332,000 Mar 2013 138,000(p) Apr 2013 165,000(p) From the change of employment rate that can be observed above, it is important to note that the trend in unemployment has been steady and changes very insignificantly. However, the latest period running through March and April 2013 there is slight fall in this change and this means that level of income is still in the right track. It would therefore be viable for the Japanese lady to kick -start the business as the US future is bright except for small disturbances that are likely to arise from economic cycles. Unemployment is one of the most important indicators of the overall economic progress and this is clear from the socio-economic and political concepts that surround employment in the society (Madura, 2008, 99). When the rate of unemployment is fairly down, there is better business prospects in the country and this can be predicted to be working out for US from the data provided by the Federal bureau of statistics. Inflation data for Jan 2012 to March 2013 Retrieved on May 10, 2013: http://inflationdata.com/Inflation/Inflation_Rate/CurrentInflation.asp Year Jan Feb Mar

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic management - Essay Example Thus, it has become imperative for airliners to re-engineer their operations to fit the requirements of strategies like low-cost and differentiation. According to the Porter’s five forces model, the industry situation has led to a decline in the attractiveness of the industry for new entrants. These new entrants would come up with some sort of an edge to beat the entrenched airlines of the industry. The industry is also overseeing a period in which the bargaining power of suppliers and customers both are high. Customers are demanding additional benefits at low cost, whereas suppliers like Oil companies are seeking high prices for fuel. The dynamics of the industry are such that the rivalry amongst competitors is high. Since the customer base has shrink as a result of the world recession, therefore airlines are competing to attract customers towards them by offering differentiated services. Moreover, recent investment by the government on the infrastructure of railways and road network has lead to a situation in which threat of substitute is high for this industry. The results of these two strategic analysis tools show that the airline industry is overseeing a period of unprecedented level of competition and operating environment. Therefore, each airliner needs to come up with operational excellence that allows it to run low cost operations, which has become imperative for the industry participants. How the Airlines are maintaining low cost operations: Airlines, which have adopted a low cost operational mode, have been very stringent when it comes to spending their resources. They have expanded their operations in to new regions only when they were confident that they had the resource to support this initiative. These carriers never go into a head-to-head battle with long distance carriers. Moreover, these airlines try to keep their debt position very strong by not taking too much debt to fund their fleet operations. These airlines have designed an operat ional method that allows them to be short haul, high frequency, and low fare and point-point carriers. In addition, these air carriers have identified a market niche that is a best fit to their style of operations, which enables these airlines to serve them efficiently and economically. Most importantly, these airlines have ripped away the costs associated with extravagant customer servicing. Such costs are associated with frills, lunch and ticketing material. All such costs have been taken away from the operations of these airlines. Conclusion: Harsh economic conditions coupled by rising cost of fuel have made it imperative upon airlines to streamline their operations. Airlines have to come up with a cost structure that is effective and efficient. This cost structure should be incorporated in the operational design of these airlines so that the airline can generate profits from its operations. In this regards many airlines have adopted a low cost strategy under which they have take n certain actions that have been discussed above. Strategic Evaluation of the Strategic Options for Future Growth for the EAI Companies: Recent economic crisis have led airliners in a messy situation. These airliners are now facing a situation in which they have revenues declining at an exponential rate. Moreover,

Contributions to Misunderstanding Psychology Essay Example for Free

Contributions to Misunderstanding Psychology Essay Rose (1992) has accused psychology of â€Å"Engineering the Human Soul† (p. 351). This is a very odd statement for a sociologist to make because science, whether hard or social, by definition, requires conclusions to be based on use of the scientific method. Alas, the hypothesis that there is a human soul is one that that the scientific method cannot address because there is no way to provide empirical evidence that either confirms or disconfirms it. Indeed, even the phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim (discussed below), who mapped the brain into areas controlling all sorts of human attributes, found an area for â€Å"spirituality† (Myers, 2004), but not for the soul. Rose is, however, in the company of a medical internist with a Ph. D. from Yale in physical chemistry, i. e. , Collins (2007, as cited in Snyder, 2007), who has claimed there is evidence that â€Å"moral law is implanted in our brains by God† (p. 6). Nonetheless, despite psychology being unable to engineer an entity for which there is no scientific evidence, one purpose of this paper is to argue that Rose (1992), along with other critics of psychological research, has failed to recognize that the continued influence of the studies of individual differences beyond the early part of the last century, mainly the development of tests to measure intelligence, i. e. , IQ testing, has not been on psychology, but on education. Indeed, later psychological research on intelligence and cognitive development has been largely ignored in education (Perlmutter Burrell, 1999). There is no disagreement that IQ testing had and continues to have a negative influence on education, but this paper addresses the waning of the influences of IQ testing within psychology itself not long after the development of these tests. What is psychology? Rose (1992) defined psychology as the study of individual differences, based on a â€Å"paradigmatic technique of . . . the psychological ‘test’ . . . (pp. 358-359). The goal of psychology, according to Rose, is â€Å"the isolation, intensification, and inscription of human difference† (p. 359). This definition is not the same as the one used in most textbooks on introductory psychology, where the discipline is defined as â€Å"the science of behavior and mental processes† (Myers, 2004). While psychological questions have been of interest from the time of the ancient Greek philosophers, psychology as a science did not develop until the latter part of the 19th century (Myers, 2004). Psychologists eventually conducted research in areas that began in other disciplines – and also came to be blamed for the wretched excesses of still other disciplines, notably education. In the early 19th century, phrenologists Gall and Spurzheim mapped out brain areas supposedly controlling attributes from acquisitiveness to sublimity and measured people on these attributes by feeling bumps on their heads (Myers, 2004). Despite the embarrassment phrenology caused scientists, late in the 19th century French and German neurologists, notably Brocca and Wertheimer, provided evidence of left-hemisphere dominance in tasks involving language (Deutsch Springer, 1997). They used autopsy findings of those who suffered language deficits following strokes to areas in the left cerebral hemisphere (the dominant hemisphere for more than 90% and 70% of right- and left-handed people respectively). These findings were followed by further research on deficits in spatial abilities following strokes in the right cerebral (usually non-dominant) hemisphere (Deutsch Springer, 1997). In the next century, researchers studied the performance of those who underwent a surgical procedure where the connecting fibers (the corpus colossus) between the two hemispheres were severed to control the spread of severe seizures (Deutsch Springer, 1999). Later research, using equipment such as evoked potentials, was conducted using samples from the general population. The research provided evidence not that only one hemisphere was activated during performance of most tasks but evidence that one hemisphere was more activated than the other, for example, in language comprehension, the left hemisphere is more activated, but the right hemisphere also is activated in comprehending the emotional, metaphoric, and humorous content of language (Deutsch Springer, 1997). Individual differences also were rare, for example, listening to music results in greater activation in the right than left hemisphere, except there is the reverse pattern for trained musicians (Deutsch Springer, 1999). However, the history of research related to the cerebral hemispheres is an example of psychologists falsely being blamed for the nonsense propagated by those in education that there were left- and right-brained people – and teachers somehow were supposed to adjust their teaching for their right-brained students (Connell, 1990). In outlining the history of psychology, introductory textbooks place its beginnings in Wundt’s establishment of a laboratory in Vienna in 1879 for the purpose of applying the scientific method to the study of human mental processes: â€Å"On a December day in 1879 . . . Wundt was seeking to measure . . . the fastest and simplest mental processes. Thus began what many consider psychology’s first experiment† (Myers, 2004, p. 4). However, those in other disciplines, such as Rose (1992), seem to believe not only that psychology began – and ended with the early work of those studying individual differences, but also that research in psychology actually is used in education. Individual Differences One important difference between the early work of neurologists on the human cerebral hemispheres described above and early work on individual differences is that the former research was based on beginning with basic or shared mental processes. Put another way, the law of parsimony is that main effects are studied prior to interactions (Kirk, 1995). The early work on individual differences in intelligence began prior to research on basic cognitive processing. Galton’s definition of intelligence (White, 2006) was based on an assumption drawn from Darwin’s evolutionary theory of the survival of the fittest, both between- and within-species (1859, as cited in Myers, 2004). Between-species, humans clearly are advantaged with superior intellect. However, if human intelligence had been defined as those characteristics that increase the probability of an individual’s survival, predominant attributes would be those related to the attainment of economic and political power. From the beginnings of civilization, world history has been a struggle for power, with members of prevailing powerful groups inhumanely dominating members of less powerful groups (Braudel Mayne, 2003), a concept perhaps best expressed by John Travolta in Saturday Night Fever as â€Å"everybody always has to have somebody to dump on† (Wexler, 1977). Being powerful certainly does enhance one’s chances of survival, but how did anyone reach the conclusion that power was related to what we usually think of as intellect?